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REM sleep is decreased during the first half of the sleep period and stage 1 sleep is increased in the second half of the sleep period. [5] Most antidepressants, in particular selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs), such as citalopram and paroxetine, are potent inhibitors of REM sleep and may also cause a REM rebound on discontinuation.
RBD is a sleep disorder characterized by the loss of normal skeletal muscle atonia during REM sleep and is associated with prominent motor activity and vivid dreaming. [6] [2] These dreams often involve screaming, shouting, laughing, crying, arm flailing, kicking, punching, choking, and jumping out of bed.
The body abruptly loses muscle tone, a state known as REM atonia. [3] [6] In 1953, Professor Nathaniel Kleitman and his student Eugene Aserinsky defined rapid eye movement and linked it to dreams. REM sleep was further described by researchers, including William Dement and Michel Jouvet. Many experiments have involved awakening test subjects ...
The whole period normally proceeds in the order: N1 → N2 → N3 → N2 → REM. REM sleep occurs as a person returns to stage 2 or 1 from a deep sleep. [20] There is a greater amount of deep sleep (stage N3) earlier in the night, while the proportion of REM sleep increases in the two cycles just before natural awakening. [17]
The cycle can be defined as lasting from the end of one REM period to the end of the next, [13] or from the beginning of REM, or from the beginning of non-REM stage 2 (the decision of how to mark the periods makes a difference for research purposes, because of the unavoidable inclusion or exclusion of the night's first NREM or its final REM ...
The REM Sleep Behavior Disorder Screening Questionnaire (RBDSQ) is a specific questionnaire for rapid eye movement behavior disorder (RBD) developed by Stiasny-Kolster and team, [1] to assess the most prominent clinical features of RBD. [2] It is a 10-item, patient self-rating instrument with short questions to be answered by either 'yes' or ...
Stage 3 was formerly the transition between stage 2 and stage 4 where delta waves, associated with "deep" sleep, began to occur, while delta waves dominated in stage 4. In 2007, these were combined into just stage 3 for all of deep sleep. [7] Dreaming is more common in this stage than in other stages of NREM sleep though not as common as in REM ...
While slow waves and sleep spindles are present in stages 2 and 3, stage 2 sleep is characterized by a higher prevalence of spindles, while slow waves dominate the EEG during stage 3. [ 22 ] [ 21 ] Slow-wave sleep is an active phenomenon probably brought about by the activation of serotonergic neurons of the raphe system.