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Opioid-induced endocrinopathy (OIE) is a complication of chronic opioid treatment. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] It is a common name for all hypothalamo-pituitary axis disorders, which can be observed mostly after long term use of opioids, both as a treatment and as a substance of abuse .
The opioid epidemic affects women and men differently. [28] For instance, women are more likely than men to report recent and non-recent prescription opioid use. [29] Women are also more likely to have chronic pain than men are. [30] In cases of domestic abuse and rape, women are prescribed pain medicine more than men. [30]
The "CDC Clinical Practice Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Pain-United States, 2022" provides recommendations related to opioid misuse, OUD, and opioid overdoses. [18] It reports a lack of clinical evidence that "abuse-deterrent" opioids (e.g., OxyContin), as labeled by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration , are effective for OUD risk ...
The opioid epidemic took hold in the U.S. in the 1990s. Percocet, OxyContin and Opana became commonplace wherever chronic pain met a chronic lack of access to quality health care, especially in Appalachia. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention calls the prescription opioid epidemic the worst of its kind in U.S. history.
Different drug classes have different side effects. Long-term medical conditions induced by opioid include infection, hyperalgesia, opioid-induced bowel syndrome, opioid-related leukoencephalopathy and opioid amnestic syndrome. [32] Misuse of prescribed opioids medications is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. [37]
Opioid-induced hyperalgesia (OIH) or opioid-induced abnormal pain sensitivity, also called paradoxical hyperalgesia, is an uncommon condition of generalized pain caused by the long-term use of high dosages of opioids [1] such as morphine, [2] oxycodone, [3] and methadone. [4] [5] OIH is not necessarily confined to the original affected site. [6]
Evidence suggests that mental health can be a significant facilitator for opioid abuse. [28] Given that opioids are prescribed for pain management, mental health disorders, such as depression, have been shown to increase use of opioids when treating conditions associated with chronic pain. [28]
Opioid usage is common among pregnant women and is on the rise. [2] Opioid drugs are used for various reasons during pregnancy, with pain being a frequent issue. Conditions like pelvic and lower back pain, occurring in around 68 to 72% of pregnancies, are commonly treated with these medications. [2] [3] [4] Moreover, other sources of pain like ...