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  2. Concretion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concretion

    A concretion is a hard, compact mass formed by the precipitation of mineral cement within the spaces between particles, and is found in sedimentary rock or soil. [1] Concretions are often ovoid or spherical in shape, although irregular shapes also occur.

  3. Rayleigh–Bénard convection - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayleigh–Bénard_convection

    The rotation of the cells is stable and will alternate from clock-wise to counter-clockwise horizontally; this is an example of spontaneous symmetry breaking. Bénard cells are metastable . This means that a small perturbation will not be able to change the rotation of the cells, but a larger one could affect the rotation; they exhibit a form ...

  4. Convection cell - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convection_cell

    In fluid dynamics, a convection cell is the phenomenon that occurs when density differences exist within a body of liquid or gas. These density differences result in rising and/or falling convection currents, which are the key characteristics of a convection cell. When a volume of fluid is heated, it expands and becomes less dense and thus more ...

  5. Coal ball - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_ball

    A coal ball is a type of concretion, varying in shape from an imperfect sphere to a flat-lying, irregular slab.Coal balls were formed in Carboniferous Period swamps and mires, when peat was prevented from being turned into coal by the high amount of calcite surrounding the peat; the calcite caused it to be turned into stone instead.

  6. Convection - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convection

    An example of such a parameter is viscosity, which may begin to significantly vary horizontally across layers of fluid. This breaks the symmetry of the system, and generally changes the pattern of up- and down-moving fluid from stripes to hexagons, as seen at right. Such hexagons are one example of a convection cell.

  7. Cementation (geology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cementation_(geology)

    For example, a land on a major Project is marked as glacier on contract drawings. It was so hard that it had to be detonated. The contractor claimed that the soil was cemented during excavation as it was formed due to the clay matrix as well as the gravel. The owner concluded that this was due to the weathering of the pebbles.

  8. Pseudofossil - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudofossil

    One common example is when manganese oxides crystallize with a characteristic tree-like or dendritic pattern along a rock fracture. The formation of frost dendrites on a window is another common example of this crystal growth. Concretions are sometimes thought to be fossils, and occasionally one contains a fossil, but are generally not fossils ...

  9. Corpora arenacea - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpora_arenacea

    Corpora arenacea (singular: corpus arenaceum, [1] also called brain sand or acervuli [2] [3] or psammoma bodies [4] or pineal concretions [4]) are calcified structures in the pineal gland and other areas of the brain such as the choroid plexus.