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When the naira was introduced, it had an official exchange rate of US$1.52 for ₦1, though a currency black market existed in which the naira traded at a discount relative to the official exchange rate. The official exchange rate set by the Central Bank of Nigeria: naira to U.S. dollar is approximately ₦767.54 per 1 US dollar.
However, when new stiffer import restrictions and foreign exchange controls were implemented in 1982 it created a divergence between the government official rates and the rates obtained in the parallel market sometimes called the black market. In 1986 this rate was up to 4 naira to $1 naira. [2]
The exchange rate is grossly more favourable to the seller of the foreign currency than is the official bank rate, but such trading is usually illegal. [ citation needed ] In many rural areas there is still a strong bartering culture, the exchanged items being of more immediate value than official currency (following the principle that one can ...
De Facto Classification of Exchange Rate Arrangements, as of April 30, 2021, and Monetary Policy Frameworks [2] Exchange rate arrangement (Number of countries) Exchange rate anchor Monetary aggregate target (25) Inflation Targeting framework (45) Others (43) US Dollar (37) Euro (28) Composite (8) Other (9) No separate legal tender (16) Ecuador ...
In 2016, the black-market exchange rate of the Naira was about 60% above the official rate. The central bank releases about $200 million each week at the official exchange rate. However, some companies cite that budgets now include a 30% "premium" to be paid to central bank officials to get dollars. [157]
EUR Cent: 100 France: Euro € EUR Cent: 100 French Polynesia: CFP franc ₣ XPF Centime: 100 Gabon: Central African CFA franc: F.CFA XAF Centime: 100 Gambia, The: Gambian dalasi: D GMD Butut: 100 Georgia: Georgian lari ₾ GEL Tetri: 100 Germany: Euro € EUR Cent: 100 Ghana: Ghanaian cedi ₵ GHS Pesewa: 100 Gibraltar: Gibraltar pound £ GIP ...
The future exchange rate is reflected into the forward exchange rate stated today. In our example, the forward exchange rate of the dollar is said to be at a discount because it buys fewer Japanese yen in the forward rate than it does in the spot rate. The yen is said to be at a premium. UIRP showed no proof of working after the 1990s.
After 1985, China appeared in the foreign exchange market and the official exchange rate coexisted with a market-determined exchange rate. This system, though, didn't last long and was abandoned in 1994. [8] From 1985 to 1995, South Africa also implemented a dual exchange rate system, and achieved remarkable results. [9]