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Equisetidae is one of the four subclasses of Polypodiopsida (ferns), a group of vascular plants with a fossil record going back to the Devonian. They are commonly known as horsetails . [ 2 ] They typically grow in wet areas, with whorls of needle-like branches radiating at regular intervals from a single vertical stem.
The ferns (Polypodiopsida or Polypodiophyta) are a group of vascular plants (plants with xylem and phloem) that reproduce via spores and have neither seeds nor flowers.They differ from mosses by being vascular, i.e., having specialized tissues that conduct water and nutrients, and in having life cycles in which the branched sporophyte is the dominant phase.
Other ferns which are also tree ferns, are Leptopteris and Todea in the family Osmundaceae, which can achieve short trunks under a metre tall. Fern species with short trunks in the genera Blechnum , Cystodium and Sadleria from the order Polypodiales , and smaller members of Cyatheales like Calochlaena , Cnemedaria , Culcita (mountains only tree ...
Some genera of ferns display complex leaves that are attached to the pseudostele by an outgrowth of the vascular bundle, leaving no leaf gap. [1] Horsetails ( Equisetum ) bear only a single vein, and appear to be microphyllous; however, the fossil record suggests that their forebears had leaves with complex venation, and their current state is ...
Heterospory evolved during the Devonian period from isospory independently in several plant groups: the clubmosses, the ferns including the arborescent horsetails, [1] and progymnosperms. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] This occurred as part of the process of evolution of the timing of sex differentiation . [ 3 ]
Osmundaceae (royal fern family) is a family of ferns containing four to six extant genera and 18–25 known species. It is the only living family of the order Osmundales in the class Polypodiopsida or in some classifications the only order in the class Osmundopsida.
Its sori are short but broad and are arranged in neat lines, the characteristic that gives the chain ferns their name. The chain shape is visible on both sides of each leaflet. The fronds are bipinnately compound, the leaves have the same general shape and leathery texture. [10] [11] Parts of the rhizome exist above and below ground.
The ferns and horsetails (the Polypodiophyta) form a clade; they use spores as their main method of dispersal. Traditionally, whisk ferns and horsetails were historically treated as distinct from 'true' ferns. [45] Living whisk ferns and horsetails do not have the large leaves (megaphylls) which would be expected of euphyllophytes.