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The sublimator also cools the remaining oxygen to about 55 °F (13 °C). A flow sensor monitors the flow rate. Extra oxygen is added to the flow from a storage tank as necessary, downstream of the flow sensor. The oxygen is then returned to the suit at the back of the head, where it flows down over the astronaut's face.
The main components of flow-restricted, oxygen-powered ventilation devices include An inspiratory pressure safety release valve. A trigger or level positioned to allow both hands to remain on the mask to provide an airtight seal while supporting and tilting the patients head. A peak flow rate of 100% oxygen at up to 40 L/min.
With continuous flow units, oxygen delivery is measured in LPM (liters per minute). Providing continuous flow requires a larger molecular sieve and pump/motor assembly, and additional electronics. This increases the device’s size and weight (approximately 18–20 lbs). [13]
Typically, these devices produce the equivalent of one to five liters per minute of continuous oxygen flow and they use some version of pulse flow or "demand flow" to deliver oxygen only when the patient is inhaling. [14] They can also provide pulses of oxygen either to provide higher intermittent flows or to reduce power consumption.
It should theoretically be identical to peak expiratory flow (PEF), which is, however, generally measured by a peak flow meter and given in liters per minute. [ 16 ] Recent research suggests that FEF25-75% or FEF25-50% may be a more sensitive parameter than FEV1 in the detection of obstructive small airway disease.
The earliest, and most widely used form of adult nasal cannula carries 1–3 litres of oxygen per minute. Cannulae with smaller prongs intended for infant or neonatal use can carry less than one litre per minute. Flow rates of up to 60 litres of air/oxygen per minute can be delivered through wider bore humidified nasal cannula.