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The Lotka–Volterra equations, also known as the Lotka–Volterra predator–prey model, are a pair of first-order nonlinear differential equations, frequently used to describe the dynamics of biological systems in which two species interact, one as a predator and the other as prey.
Proton sponge, 1,8-bis(dimethylamino)naphthalene, has a pK a value of 12.1. It is one of the strongest amine bases known. The high basicity is attributed to the relief of strain upon protonation and strong internal hydrogen bonding. [55] [56] Effects of the solvent and solvation should be mentioned also in this section.