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Dryopteris / d r aɪ ˈ ɒ p t ə r ɪ s /, [2] commonly called the wood ferns, male ferns (referring in particular to Dryopteris filix-mas), or buckler ferns, is a fern genus in the family Dryopteridaceae, subfamily Dryopteridoideae, according to the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I). [3]
Dryopteris filix-mas, the male fern, [1] is a common fern of the temperate Northern Hemisphere, native to much of Europe, Asia, and North America. It favours damp shaded areas in the understory of woodlands, but also shady places on hedge-banks, and rocks, and screes.
Dryopteris expansa, the alpine buckler fern, northern buckler-fern [1] or spreading wood fern, is a species of perennial fern native to cool temperate and subarctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere, south at high altitudes in mountains to Spain and Greece in southern Europe, to Japan in eastern Asia, and to central California in North America.
Many are cultivated as ornamental plants. [3] The largest genera are Elaphoglossum (600+), Polystichum (260), Dryopteris (225), and Ctenitis (150). These four genera contain about 70% of the species. [4] Dryopteridaceae diverged from the other families in eupolypods I about 100 million years ago. [5]
Dryopteris intermedia is a perennial fern that grows to a size of about 40–90 cm (16–35 in) tall and 60–90 cm (24–35 in) wide. [6] At its base, it consists of an underground rhizome from which grow the fronds of the plant in a spiral-like arrangement.
Dryopteris pallida is a winter-green Dryopteris fern of small to moderate size with very pale broad chaffy scales on the long somewhat pale stem and leaves that are often rather a pallid green; glands may be present.
Dryopteris villarii, commonly known as the rigid buckler fern, [2] is a perennial leptosporangiate fern native to Central and South East Europe as well as the Western Caucasus. It was first described in 1915.
Dryopteris clintoniana, commonly known as Clinton's wood fern, is a fern of hybrid origin native to the northern hemisphere. It is a fertile hexaploid, arising as a species by doubling of its chromosome number from a hybrid between Dryopteris cristata , a tetraploid, and Dryopteris goldieana , a diploid.