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2. Database normalization - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_normalization

   An insertion anomaly. Until the new faculty member, Dr. Newsome, is assigned to teach at least one course, their details cannot be recorded. An update anomaly. Employee 519 is shown as having different addresses on different records. A deletion anomaly. All information about Dr. Giddens is lost if they temporarily cease to be assigned to any ...

3. Denormalization - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denormalization

   Denormalization is a strategy used on a previously-normalized database to increase performance. In computing, denormalization is the process of trying to improve the read performance of a database, at the expense of losing some write performance, by adding redundant copies of data or by grouping data.

4. Cardinality (data modeling) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinality_(data_modeling)

   Codd's steps for organizing database tables and their keys is called database normalization, which avoids certain hidden database design errors (delete anomalies or update anomalies). In real life the process of database normalization ends up breaking tables into a larger number of smaller tables.

5. Third normal form - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_normal_form

   A database relation (e.g. a database table) is said to meet third normal form standards if all the attributes (e.g. database columns) are functionally dependent on solely a key, except the case of functional dependency whose right hand side is a prime attribute (an attribute which is strictly included into some key).

6. Fourth normal form - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_normal_form

   A 1992 paper by Margaret S. Wu notes that the teaching of database normalization typically stops short of 4NF, perhaps because of a belief that tables violating 4NF (but meeting all lower normal forms) are rarely encountered in business applications. This belief may not be accurate, however.

7. First normal form - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_normal_form

   It also opens the door to further normalization, which eliminates redundancy and anomalies. Most relational database management systems do not support nested records, so tables are in first normal form by default. In particular, SQL does not have any facilities for creating or exploiting nested tables. Normalization to first normal form would ...

8. Snapshot isolation - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snapshot_isolation

   In databases, and transaction processing (transaction management), snapshot isolation is a guarantee that all reads made in a transaction will see a consistent snapshot of the database (in practice it reads the last committed values that existed at the time it started), and the transaction itself will successfully commit only if no updates it has made conflict with any concurrent updates made ...

9. Mnesia - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnesia

   A database contains tables. Relationships between them are modelled as other tables. [8] A key feature of Mnesia's high-availability approach is that tables can be reconfigured within a schema and relocated between nodes, not only while the database is still running, but even while write operations are still going on.