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Proto-Indo-European also had numerous consonant clusters, such as *st, *ḱs. In most cases in most languages, each consonant in a cluster develops according to the normal development given in the table above. Many consonant clusters however also show special developments in multiple languages.
The table uses the Wikipedia's canonical notation for transcribing Proto-Indo-European; variant transcriptions often seen elsewhere are provided for individual segments in the following sections. Raised ʰ stands for aspiration, and raised ʷ for labialization. The consonant *y is the palatal semivowel (whose IPA transcription is and not ).
asno law The word-medial sequence *-mn-is simplified after long vowels and diphthongs or after a short vowel if the sequence was tautosyllabic and preceded by a consonant. . The *n was deleted if the vocalic sequence following the cluster was accented, as in Ancient Greek θερμός thermós 'warm' (from Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰermnós 'warm'); otherwise, the *m was deleted, as in Sanskrit ...
A consonant closer to the main vowel must have a higher sonority than the consonant further away. Thus, consonants in the onset must follow the order *CMR, and the reverse *RMC in the coda, giving *CMReRMC as the full root shape. Roots with a different order of sonority, like * *mter-or * *resl-, are not allowed.
This is also the origin of most consonant clusters in English, some of which go back to Proto-Indo-European times. For example, glow comes from Proto-Germanic *glo-, which in turn comes from Proto-Indo-European *gʰel-ó, where *gʰel- is a root meaning 'to shine, to be bright' and is also present in glee , gleam , and glade .
Grimm's law, also known as the First Germanic Sound Shift or Rask's rule [citation needed], is a set of sound laws describing the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) stop consonants as they developed in Proto-Germanic in the first millennium BC, first discovered by Rasmus Rask but systematically put forward by Jacob Grimm.
Indo-Iranian, for example, can retain forms that pretty clearly reflect a laryngeal, but there is no way of knowing which one. The following is a rundown of laryngeals in Proto-Indo-European morphology. *h₁ is seen in the instrumental ending (probably originally indifferent to number, like English expressions of the type by hand and on foot).
Bartholomae's law, sometimes referred to as the Buddha rule, [1] is a Proto-Indo-European sound law affecting consonant clusters, most clearly in the Indo-Iranian languages. It states that in a cluster of two or more obstruents ( stops or the sibilant * s ), any one of which is a voiced aspirated stop anywhere in the sequence, the whole cluster ...