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The philtrum (Latin: philtrum from Ancient Greek φίλτρον phíltron, lit. "love charm" [2]) or medial cleft is a vertical indentation in the middle area of the upper lip, common to therian mammals, extending in humans from the nasal septum to the tubercle of the upper lip.
The face and neck development of the human embryo refers to the development of the structures from the third to eighth week that give rise to the future head and neck.They consist of three layers, the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm, which form the mesenchyme (derived form the lateral plate mesoderm and paraxial mesoderm), neural crest and neural placodes (from the ectoderm). [1]
They separate the cheeks from the upper lip. The term derives from Latin nasus for "nose" and labium for "lip". Other people suggest the term melolabial fold, [clarification needed] [4] or the lip-cheek fold or groove. [5] It is also known as the nasolabial sulcus.
These include a long prominent philtrum, a thin upper lip, wide spaced eyes, a bulbous nasal tip, a broad nasal bridge, wide nostrils, micrognathia, retrognathia, deep set eyes and large ears. The head itself is often unusually small in comparison to that of unaffected individuals of the same age and sex.
The lower lip is frequently everted, the mouth is large, the philtrum is somewhat short and projecting, and Cupid's bow is blunted with a flat upper lip. The palate may be highly arched, the lateral incisors are occasionally absent, and the poorly positioned teeth have severe caries.
The levator labii superioris alaeque nasi muscle (occasionally shortened alaeque nasi muscle) is, translated from Latin, the "lifter of both the upper lip and of the wing of the nose". The muscle is attached to the upper frontal process of the maxilla and inserts into the skin of the lateral part of the nostril and upper lip. [1]
Frontonasal dysplasia (FND) is a congenital malformation of the midface. [1] For the diagnosis of FND, a patient should present at least two of the following characteristics: hypertelorism (an increased distance between the eyes), a wide nasal root, vertical midline cleft of the nose and/or upper lip, cleft of the wings of the nose, malformed nasal tip, encephalocele (an opening of the skull ...
Clinical determinants include soft tissue analysis where the clinician assesses nasolabial angle, the relationship of the soft tissue portion of the chin to the nose, and the relationship between the upper and lower lips; also used is dental arch relationship assessment such as Angle's classification. [citation needed]