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Example: The final value of a 7-year annuity-due with a nominal annual interest rate of 9% and monthly payments of $100 can be calculated by: FV due ( 0.09 12 , 7 × 12 , $ 100 ) = $ 100 × s ¨ 84 ¯ | 0.0075 = $ 11 , 730.01. {\displaystyle {\text{FV}}_{\text{due}}\left({\frac {0.09}{12}},7\times 12,\$100\right)=\$100\times {\ddot {s ...
A propositional formula may also be called a propositional expression, a sentence, [1] or a sentential formula. A propositional formula is constructed from simple propositions, such as "five is greater than three" or propositional variables such as p and q, using connectives or logical operators such as NOT, AND, OR, or IMPLIES; for example:
Spaces within a formula must be directly managed (for example by including explicit hair or thin spaces). Variable names must be italicized explicitly, and superscripts and subscripts must use an explicit tag or template. Except for short formulas, the source of a formula typically has more markup overhead and can be difficult to read.
Actuarial notation is a shorthand method to allow actuaries to record mathematical formulas that deal with interest rates and life tables. Traditional notation uses a halo system, where symbols are placed as superscript or subscript before or after the main letter. Example notation using the halo system can be seen below.
Different sets of allowed Boolean functions lead to different problem versions. As an example, R(¬x,a,b) is a generalized clause, and R(¬x,a,b) ∧ R(b,y,c) ∧ R(c,d,¬z) is a generalized conjunctive normal form. This formula is used below, with R being the ternary operator that is TRUE just when exactly one of its arguments is.
In Boolean logic, a formula is in conjunctive normal form (CNF) or clausal normal form if it is a conjunction of one or more clauses, where a clause is a disjunction of literals; otherwise put, it is a product of sums or an AND of ORs.
For example, instead of A function f is even if and only if f(−x) = f(x) for all x; write A function f is even if f(−x) = f(x) for all x. If it is reasonable to do so, rephrase the sentence to avoid the use of the word "if" entirely. For example, An even function is a function f such that f(−x) = f(x) for all x
An open formula can be transformed into a closed formula by applying a quantifier for each free variable. This transformation is called capture of the free variables to make them bound variables. For example, when reasoning about natural numbers, the formula "x+2 > y" is open, since it contains the free variables x and y.