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Fractional flow reserve (FFR) is a diagnostic technique used in coronary catheterization. FFR measures pressure differences across a coronary artery stenosis (narrowing, usually due to atherosclerosis ) to determine the likelihood that the stenosis impedes oxygen delivery to the heart muscle ( myocardial ischemia ).
The instantaneous wave-free ratio (iFR, sometimes referred to as the instant wave-free ratio or instant flow reserve) is a diagnostic tool used to assess whether a stenosis is causing a limitation of blood flow in coronary arteries with subsequent ischemia. iFR is performed during cardiac catheterisation (angiography) using invasive coronary pressure wires which are placed in the coronary ...
Coronary flow reserve is used in diagnostics and treatment of patients with conditions such as coronary artery disease and syndrome X. [7] In the treatment of these conditions, vasodilators are used to allow sufficient blood to flow past a stenosis, for example, and the measurement of CFR enables the efficacy of such interventions to be measured.
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Fractional flow reserve (FFR): Testing the blood flow through a stenosis of a coronary artery to determine the perfusion of the heart. Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS): Ultrasonography of a coronary artery. Optical coherence tomography (OCT): Testing through the use of optical scattering for coronary artery disease.
The conversion of the oxygen gas [15 O]O 2 to 15 O-water can happen in two ways: the in-target production and the out-of-target external conversion.The in-target production method uses a small amount of hydrogen (about 5%) that is added to the gas, whereby 15 O-water is formed and trapped in a cooled stainless steel loop.
A full reserve system is the most obvious alternative to a fractional reserve banking system. This is where banks keep 100% of deposits in reserve, meaning that all deposits are precisely where ...
In ultrafiltration, the molecular weight cut-off or MWCO of a membrane refers to the lowest molecular weight of the solute (in daltons) for which 90% of the solute is retained by (prevented from passing through) the membrane, [1] or the molecular weight of the molecule (e.g. globular protein) that is 90% retained by the membrane.