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The ICMP header starts after the IPv4 header and is identified by its protocol number, 1. [6] All ICMP packets have an eight-byte header and variable-sized data section. The first four bytes of the header have fixed format, while the last four bytes depend on the type and code of the ICMP packet.
The port numbers in the range from 0 to 1023 (0 to 2 10 − 1) are the well-known ports or system ports. [3] They are used by system processes that provide widely used types of network services. On Unix-like operating systems, a process must execute with superuser privileges to be able to bind a network socket to an IP address using one of the ...
Protocol Number Keyword Protocol References/RFC; 0x00 0 HOPOPT IPv6 Hop-by-Hop Option: RFC 8200: 0x01 1 ICMP Internet Control Message Protocol: RFC 792: 0x02 2 IGMP Internet Group Management Protocol: RFC 1112: 0x03 3 GGP Gateway-to-Gateway Protocol: RFC 823: 0x04 4 IP-in-IP IP in IP (encapsulation) RFC 2003: 0x05 5 ST Internet Stream Protocol ...
The Echo Protocol is a service in the Internet Protocol Suite defined in 1983 in RFC 862 by Jon Postel. It was originally proposed as a way to test and measure an IP network. A host may connect to a server that supports the Echo Protocol using the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) or the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) on the well-known port ...
Pinging involves sending an ICMP echo request to the target host and waiting for an ICMP echo reply. The program reports errors, packet loss , and a statistical summary of the results, typically including the minimum, maximum, the mean round-trip times, and standard deviation of the mean.
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Proceeding in this way, traceroute uses the returned ICMP Time Exceeded messages to build a list of routers that packets traverse, until the destination is reached and returns an ICMP Destination Unreachable message if UDP packets are being used or an ICMP Echo Reply message if ICMP Echo messages are being used. [10]
In computer networking, a port or port number is a number assigned to uniquely identify a connection endpoint and to direct data to a specific service. At the software level, within an operating system , a port is a logical construct that identifies a specific process or a type of network service .