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  2. Mirage - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirage

    The image is usually upside-down, enhancing the illusion that the sky image seen in the distance is a specular reflection on a puddle of water or oil acting as a mirror. While the aero-dynamics are highly active, the image of the inferior mirage is stable unlike the fata morgana which can change within seconds.

  3. Distortion (optics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distortion_(optics)

    In geometric optics, distortion is a deviation from rectilinear projection; a projection in which straight lines in a scene remain straight in an image.It is a form of optical aberration that may be distinguished from other aberrations such as spherical aberration, coma, chromatic aberration, field curvature, and astigmatism in a sense that these impact the image sharpness without changing an ...

  4. Atmospheric refraction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_refraction

    Diagram showing displacement of the Sun's image at sunrise and sunset Comparison of inferior and superior mirages due to differing air refractive indices, n. Atmospheric refraction is the deviation of light or other electromagnetic wave from a straight line as it passes through the atmosphere due to the variation in air density as a function of height. [1]

  5. High-intensity discharge lamp - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-intensity_discharge_lamp

    Different metals emit light at specific wavelengths when energized, and this characteristic determines the lamp's color output. Gas Discharge Process: The lamp's operation involves creating an electric arc across the electrodes within the arc tube. This arc generates intense heat and excites the gases and metal additives within the tube.

  6. Chromatic aberration - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatic_aberration

    Comparison of an ideal image of a ring (1) and ones with only axial (2) and only transverse (3) chromatic aberration. There are two types of chromatic aberration: axial (longitudinal), and transverse (lateral). Axial aberration occurs when different wavelengths of light are focused at different distances from the lens (focus shift ...

  7. Heat deflection temperature - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_deflection_temperature

    The heat deflection temperature or heat distortion temperature (HDT, HDTUL, or DTUL) is the temperature at which a polymer or plastic sample deforms under a specified load. [1] This property of a given plastic material is applied in many aspects of product design, engineering and manufacture of products using thermoplastic components.

  8. Perspective distortion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspective_distortion

    The mood effect of perspective distortion achieved by rectilinear extreme wide-angle lenses is that the resulting image looks grotesque and unsettling, while not looking as unrealistic as curvilinear fisheye lenses which display barrel distortion. The effect is especially noticeable the closer the camera is to the subject, as its amount ...

  9. Thermal management of high-power LEDs - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_management_of_high...

    Heat is generated from the p–n junction by electrical energy that was not converted to useful light, and conducted to outside ambience through a long path, from junction to solder point, solder point to board, and board to the heat sink and then to the atmosphere. A typical LED side view and its thermal model are shown in the figures.