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Thomas Aquinas considers the atonement in the Summa Theologiae, [9] developing the now-standard Catholic understanding of atonement. [citation needed] For Aquinas, the main obstacle to human salvation lies in sinful human nature, which damns human beings unless it is repaired or restored by the atonement. In his section on man, he considers ...
Cur Deus Homo? (Latin for "Why [Was] God a Human?"), usually translated Why God Became a Man, is a book written by Anselm of Canterbury in the period of 1094–1098.In this work he proposes the satisfaction view of the atonement.
Substitutionary atonement, also called vicarious atonement, is the idea that Jesus died "for us". [1] There is also a less technical use of the term "substitution" in discussion about atonement when it is used in "the sense that [Jesus, through his death,] did for us that which we can never do for ourselves". [note 3]
The moral influence or moral example theory of atonement, developed or most notably propagated by Abelard (1079–1142), [1] [2] [note 1] is an alternative to Anselm's satisfaction theory of atonement. [1] Abelard focused on changing man's perception of God as not offended, harsh, and judgmental, but as loving. [1]
Anselm of Canterbury OSB (/ ˈ æ n s ɛ l m /; 1033/4–1109), also called Anselm of Aosta (French: Anselme d'Aoste, Italian: Anselmo d'Aosta) after his birthplace and Anselm of Bec (French: Anselme du Bec) after his monastery, was an Italian [7] Benedictine monk, abbot, philosopher, and theologian of the Catholic Church, who served as Archbishop of Canterbury from 1093 to 1109.
Anselm himself went on to explicate the satisfaction view of atonement, now espoused by the Roman Catholic Church. Presently the "ransom-to-Satan" view of atonement, literally interpreted, is not widely accepted in the West, except by some Anabaptist peace churches and a few figures in the Word of Faith movement, such as Kenneth Copeland.
The governmental theory of the atonement prospered in 19th century Methodism, although John Wesley did not hold to it himself. John Wesley clearly held to the penal substitution view. [14] [15] This view has been notably detailed by Methodist theologian John Miley (1813–1895) in his Atonement in Christ and his Systematic Theology. [16]
Limited atonement (also called definite atonement [1] or particular redemption) is a doctrine accepted in some Christian theological traditions. It is particularly associated with the Reformed tradition and is one of the five points of Calvinism .