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Complement component 3, often simply called C3, is a protein of the immune system that is found primarily in the blood. It plays a central role in the complement system of vertebrate animals and contributes to innate immunity. In humans it is encoded on chromosome 19 by a gene called C3. [5] [6]
For example, if and individual has normal C3/C4 values but a decreased CH50, that can indicate a terminal complement pathway deficiency while if one has low C3 and CH50 values that can indicate an autoimmune condition such as systemic lupus erythematosus.
Complement component 4 (C4), in humans, is a protein involved in the intricate complement system, originating from the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system. It serves a number of critical functions in immunity, tolerance, and autoimmunity with the other numerous components.
Beta-2 comprises C3 (complement protein 3). It is raised in the acute phase response. Depression of C3 occurs in autoimmune disorders as the complement system is activated and the C3 becomes bound to immune complexes and removed from serum. Fibrinogen, a beta-2 protein, is found in normal plasma but absent in normal serum.
Deficiency in the C1q protein of the classical complement pathway can lead to development of systemic lupus erythematosus. [ 2 ] [ 16 ] Among the many functions of C1q, C1q triggers clearance of immune complexes and apoptotic cells by activating the classical pathway and binding directly onto phagocytes.
Scheme of the complement system. The complement system, also known as complement cascade, is a part of the humoral, innate immune system and enhances (complements) the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear microbes and damaged cells from an organism, promote inflammation, and attack the pathogen's cell membrane. [1]
Complement component 3 (C3) is a protein involved in both the innate and adaptive immune response. C3 is one of over 30 complement proteins circulating in the blood. [3] C3 circulates in an inactive form but can be activated in order to aid the immune system's response to a foreign invader. [4]
C3: In terms of deficiency of C3, it has been found that 17 mutations in the C3 gene cause problems with C3. This rare condition mutates or prevents C3 protein from forming, lowering the immune system's ability to protect. [17] C4: C4 deficiency is highly associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. [3]