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Covert prestige refers to the relatively high value placed towards a non-standard form of a variety in a speech community. This concept was pioneered by the linguist William Labov, in his study of New York City English speakers that while high linguistic prestige is usually more associated with standard forms of language, this pattern also implies that a similar one should exist for working ...
The third speaker is not allowed to present completely new constructive arguments. Reply speeches. World Schools Style debates include an additional speech from each team, called the reply speech. This is a short, four-minute speech given by either the first or second speaker from the team, and presented in the opposite speaking order to the ...
Honorific speech is a type of social deixis, as an understanding of the context—in this case, the social status of the speaker relative to the other participants or bystanders—is crucial to its use. There are three main types of honorifics, categorized according to the individual whose status is being expressed: [1] Addressee (or speaker ...
The speech caps a successful week for the Democratic National Convention, which topped the audience for the GOP's gathering every night this week. Read more: The Democrats' 'new way forward' has a ...
The first and last minute of each speech is considered "protected time", during which no POI may be offered. Depending on the country, there are variations in speaking time, speaking order, and the number of speakers. For example, in New Zealand, both the leader of the Opposition and the Prime Minister offer a short summary as the last two ...
The speaker directly or indirectly indicating that he dislikes some aspect of the hearer's possessions, desires, or personal attributes. Examples: disapproval, criticism, contempt or ridicule, complaints and reprimands, accusations, insults. The speaker expresses disapproval by stating or implying that the hearer is wrong, irrational, or misguided.
The audience design framework distinguishes between several kinds of audience types based on three criteria from the perspective of the speaker: known (whether an addressee is known to be part of a speech context), ratified (the speaker acknowledges the listener's presence in the speech context), or addressed (the listener is directly spoken to).
In this theory, speakers constantly negotiating their relationship, not only with the audience, but also with other nonpresent people or groups that come up in the discourse. [17] [21] [22] Style-shifting as an act of identity This theory proposes that speakers shape their speech to associate or disassociate themselves with specific social groups.