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  2. Relative change - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_change

    For example, we might want to calculate the relative change of −10 to −6. The above formula gives ⁠ (−6) − (−10) / −10 ⁠ = ⁠ 4 / −10 ⁠ = −0.4, indicating a decrease, yet in fact the reading increased. Measures of relative change are unitless numbers expressed as a fraction. Corresponding values of percent change would be ...

  3. Finite difference - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite_difference

    In an analogous way, one can obtain finite difference approximations to higher order derivatives and differential operators. For example, by using the above central difference formula for f ′(x + ⁠ h / 2 ⁠) and f ′(x − ⁠ h / 2 ⁠) and applying a central difference formula for the derivative of f ′ at x, we obtain the central difference approximation of the second derivative of f:

  4. Finite difference coefficient - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite_difference_coefficient

    For arbitrary stencil points and any derivative of order < up to one less than the number of stencil points, the finite difference coefficients can be obtained by solving the linear equations [6] ( s 1 0 ⋯ s N 0 ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ s 1 N − 1 ⋯ s N N − 1 ) ( a 1 ⋮ a N ) = d !

  5. Arithmetic progression - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic_progression

    Proof without words of the arithmetic progression formulas using a rotated copy of the blocks. An arithmetic progression or arithmetic sequence is a sequence of numbers such that the difference from any succeeding term to its preceding term remains constant throughout the sequence. The constant difference is called common difference of that ...

  6. Difference in differences - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Difference_in_differences

    Difference in differences (DID [1] or DD [2]) is a statistical technique used in econometrics and quantitative research in the social sciences that attempts to mimic an experimental research design using observational study data, by studying the differential effect of a treatment on a 'treatment group' versus a 'control group' in a natural experiment. [3]

  7. Numerical differentiation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_differentiation

    The classical finite-difference approximations for numerical differentiation are ill-conditioned. However, if f {\displaystyle f} is a holomorphic function , real-valued on the real line, which can be evaluated at points in the complex plane near x {\displaystyle x} , then there are stable methods.

  8. Difference of two squares - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Difference_of_two_squares

    The formula for the difference of two squares can be used for factoring polynomials that contain the square of a first quantity minus the square of a second quantity. For example, the polynomial x 4 − 1 {\displaystyle x^{4}-1} can be factored as follows:

  9. Cohen's h - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohen's_h

    When measuring differences between proportions, Cohen's h can be used in conjunction with hypothesis testing. A "statistically significant" difference between two proportions is understood to mean that, given the data, it is likely that there is a difference in the population proportions. However, this difference might be too small to be ...