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The "local" Earth/Ground electrode provides "system grounding" [13] at each building where it is installed. The "Grounded" current carrying conductor is the system "neutral". Australian and New Zealand standards use a modified protective multiple earthing (PME [ 14 ] ) system called multiple earthed neutral (MEN).
The electrodes for electrical grounding are often called ground rods and are often made from steel with a copper clad surface – typically 1 to 2 m long and 20 millimetres (0.79 in) in diameter. These are driven vertically into the ground and bonded together with bare copper wire. [1]
Specification for carbon steel electrodes for shielded metal arc welding AWS A5.18: Specification for carbon steel electrodes and rods for gas shielded arc welding AWS B1.10: Guide for the nondestructive examination of welds AWS B2.1: Specification for Welding Procedure and Performance Qualification AWS D1.1: Structural welding (steel) AWS D1.2
A typical earthing electrode (left of gray pipe), consisting of a conductive rod driven into the ground, at a home in Australia.Most electrical codes specify that the insulation on protective earthing conductors must be a distinctive color (or color combination) not used for any other purpose.
Difficulties in calculation arise from the extended and irregular shape of practical ground grids, and the varying resistivity of soil at different depths. At points outside the earth grid, the potential rise decreases. The simplest case of the potential at a distance is the analysis of a driven rod electrode in homogeneous earth.
An electrical discharge from this electrode provides heat that melts both the electrode and heats the base metal. TIG welding is an electric welding process that uses a non-consumed tungsten electrode to provide heat, with the filler rod added manually. This is more like gas welding as a process, but with a different heat source.