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Indigenous peoples in Canada demand to have their land rights and their Aboriginal titles respected by the Canadian government. These outstanding land claims are some of the main political issues facing Indigenous peoples today. [1] [2] The Government of Canada started recognizing Indigenous land claims in 1973.
Canadian history has evolved significantly over the years, with early interpretations often downplaying or denying the extent of violence and harm inflicted on Indigenous peoples. [161] In more recent years, there has been a growing recognition of the systemic nature of the atrocities perpetrated against Indigenous peoples in Canada. [162]
The Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples was a royal commission undertaken by the Government of Canada in 1991 to address issues of the Indigenous peoples of Canada. [151] It assessed past government policies toward Indigenous people, such as residential schools, and provided policy recommendations to the government. [152]
Canada began accepting specific claims for negotiations in 1973. A federal policy created the Office of Native Claims within the Department of Indian and Northern Affairs to negotiate indigenous land claims, which were divided into two categories: comprehensive claims and specific claims.
The Commission issued its final report in November 1996. The five-volume, 4,000-page report covered a vast range of issues; its 440 recommendations called for sweeping changes to the relationship between Aboriginal, non-Aboriginal people and the governments in Canada. [4] Some of the major recommendations included the following: [3]
The Supreme Court of Canada decision in R v Gladue both recognized this issue, and mandated justices to allow for provisions in sentencing that considered the historical and socio-economic factors that bring Indigenous peoples before the court, in order to reduce Indigenous over representation in the carceral system.
The 2014 and 2015 Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) reports on MMIWG identified "narrow and incomplete causes of homicides of Indigenous women and girls in Canada." [18] The "often-cited statistic that Indigenous men are responsible for 70% of murders of Indigenous women and girls is not factually based." [18] [21]
Indigenous or Aboriginal self-government refers to proposals to give governments representing the Indigenous peoples in Canada greater powers of government. [1] These proposals range from giving Aboriginal governments powers similar to that of local governments in Canada to demands that Indigenous governments be recognized as sovereign, and capable of "nation-to-nation" negotiations as legal ...