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In finance, the Heston model, named after Steven L. Heston, is a mathematical model that describes the evolution of the volatility of an underlying asset. [1] It is a stochastic volatility model: such a model assumes that the volatility of the asset is not constant, nor even deterministic, but follows a random process.
Portfolio return volatility is a function of the correlations ρ ij of the component assets, for all asset pairs (i, j). The volatility gives insight into the risk which is associated with the investment. The higher the volatility, the higher the risk. In general: Expected return:
Volatility risk is the risk of an adverse change of price, due to changes in the volatility of a factor affecting that price. It usually applies to derivative instruments , and their portfolios, where the volatility of the underlying asset is a major influencer of option prices .
actual historical volatility which refers to the volatility of a financial instrument over a specified period but with the last observation on a date in the past near synonymous is realized volatility , the square root of the realized variance , in turn calculated using the sum of squared returns divided by the number of observations.
Closely related is the volatility smile, where, as above, implied volatility – the volatility corresponding to the BSM price – is observed to differ as a function of strike price (i.e. moneyness), true only if the price-change distribution is non-normal, unlike that assumed by BSM. The term structure of volatility describes how (implied ...
Beta is the hedge ratio of an investment with respect to the stock market. For example, to hedge out the market-risk of a stock with a market beta of 2.0, an investor would short $2,000 in the stock market for every $1,000 invested in the stock. Thus insured, movements of the overall stock market no longer influence the combined position on ...
R. N. Elliott's analysis of the mathematical properties of waves and patterns eventually led him to conclude that "The Fibonacci Summation Series is the basis of The Wave Principle". [1] Numbers from the Fibonacci sequence surface repeatedly in Elliott wave structures, including motive waves (1, 3, 5), a single full cycle (8 waves), and the ...
The parameter corresponds to the speed of adjustment to the mean , and to volatility. The drift factor, a ( b − r t ) {\displaystyle a(b-r_{t})} , is exactly the same as in the Vasicek model. It ensures mean reversion of the interest rate towards the long run value b {\displaystyle b} , with speed of adjustment governed by the strictly ...