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These transformations mimicked a subset of the phonological developments that had occurred in Proto-Pali. Because of the prevalence of these transformations, it is not always possible to tell whether a given Pali word is a part of the old Prakrit lexicon, or a transformed borrowing from Sanskrit.
Prakrit (/ ˈ p r ɑː k r ɪ t / [a]) is a group of vernacular classical Middle Indo-Aryan languages that were used in the Indian subcontinent from around the 5th century BCE to the 12th century CE. [2] [3] [4] The term Prakrit is usually applied to the middle period of Middle Indo-Aryan languages, excluding Pali. [5]
The term Prakrit, which includes Pali, is also used as a cover term for the vernaculars of North India that were spoken perhaps as late as the 4th to 8th centuries, but some scholars use the term for the entire Middle Indo-Aryan period. Middle Indo-Aryan languages gradually transformed into Apabhraṃśa dialects, which were used until about ...
After the split of Dardic languages, the following changes are common to Pali and Prakrit: The sibilants ś, ṣ, s merge to s (Sanskrit dēśa > Hindustani des "nation") aya monophthongizes to ē; Occasionally, ava monophthongizes to ō (Sanskrit avara "lower" > Pali and Prakrit ōra, ōraṃ "to this side" > Hindustani or "side")
The declared Classical languages (Sashtriya Bhasa) of the Republic of India: Assamese, Bengali, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Odia, Pali, Prakrit, Sanskrit, Tamil, and Telugu. Classical language means a language more than 1500 years old i.e. most senior (very rich) language.
Pali is the best attested of the Middle Indo-Aryan languages because of the extensive writings of early Buddhists. These include canonical texts, canonical developments such as Abhidhamma, and a thriving commentarial tradition associated with figures such as Buddhaghosa.
While Theravada tradition has generally regarded Pali as being synonymous with the language of the kingdom of Magadhi as spoken by the Buddha, linguists have identified Pali as being more closely related to other prakrit languages of western India, and found substantial incompatibilities with the few preserved examples of Magadhi and other ...
Pali is believed by the Theravada tradition to be the same language as Magadhi, but modern scholars believe this to be unlikely. [citation needed] Pali shows signs of development from several underlying Prakrits as well as some Sanskritisation. The Prakrit of the North-western area of India known as Gāndhāra has come to be called Gāndhārī.