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Epidemiological (and other observational) studies typically highlight associations between exposures and outcomes, rather than causation. While some consider this a limitation of observational research, epidemiological models of causation (e.g. Bradford Hill criteria) [7] contend that an entire body of evidence is needed before determining if an association is truly causal. [8]
Frequently used measures of risk and benefit identified by Jerkel, Katz and Elmore, [4] describe measures of risk difference (attributable risk), rate difference (often expressed as the odds ratio or relative risk), population attributable risk (PAR), and the relative risk reduction, which can be recalculated into a measure of absolute benefit ...
In epidemiology, the attack rate is the proportion of an at-risk population that contracts the disease during a specified time interval. [1] It is used in hypothetical predictions and during actual outbreaks of disease.
In epidemiology, the relative risk reduction (RRR) or efficacy is the relative decrease in the risk of an adverse event in the exposed group compared to an unexposed group. It is computed as ( I u − I e ) / I u {\displaystyle (I_{u}-I_{e})/I_{u}} , where I e {\displaystyle I_{e}} is the incidence in the exposed group, and I u {\displaystyle I ...
Attributable fraction for the population combines both the relative risk of an incident with respect to the factor, as well as the prevalence of the factor in the population. Values of AF p close to 1 indicate that both the relative risk is high, and that the risk factor is prevalent. In such case, removal of the risk factor will greatly reduce ...
Biomarkers of exposure assessment is a measure of the contaminant or other proportionally related variable in the body. [8] Air sampling measures the contaminant in the air as concentration units of ppmv (parts per million by volume), mg/m 3 (milligrams per cubic meter) or other mass per unit volume of air. Samplers can be worn by workers or ...
Absolute risk is one of the most understandable ways of communicating health risks to the general public. [2] In difference to absolute risk, the relative risk (RR) is the ratio of the probability of an outcome (probability) in an exposed group to the probability of an outcome in an unexposed group.
The risk difference (RD), excess risk, or attributable risk [1] is the difference between the risk of an outcome in the exposed group and the unexposed group. It is computed as I e − I u {\displaystyle I_{e}-I_{u}} , where I e {\displaystyle I_{e}} is the incidence in the exposed group, and I u {\displaystyle I_{u}} is the incidence in the ...