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Microorganisms and plants synthesize many uncommon amino acids. For example, some microbes make 2-aminoisobutyric acid and lanthionine, which is a sulfide-bridged derivative of alanine. Both of these amino acids are found in peptidic lantibiotics such as alamethicin. [116]
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(In biochemistry, the term amino acid is used when referring to those amino acids in which the amino and carboxylate functionalities are attached to the same carbon, plus proline which is not actually an amino acid). Modified amino acids are sometimes observed in proteins; this is usually the result of enzymatic modification after translation ...
Amino acid; Amylase (also see α-amylase) Anabolic steroid; Anandamide (ANA) Androgen; Anethole; Angiotensinogen; Anisomycin; Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) Arabinose; Arginine; Argonaute; Ascomycin; Ascorbic acid ; Asparagine; Aspartic acid; Asymmetric dimethylarginine; ATP synthase; Atrial-natriuretic peptide (ANP ...
An essential amino acid, or indispensable amino acid, is an amino acid that cannot be synthesized from scratch by the organism fast enough to supply its demand, and must therefore come from the diet. Of the 21 amino acids common to all life forms, the eight amino acids humans cannot synthesize are valine , leucine , methionine , phenylalanine ...
The table below lists the abundance of amino acids in E.coli cells and the metabolic cost (ATP) for synthesis of the amino acids. Negative numbers indicate the metabolic processes are energy favorable and do not cost net ATP of the cell. [12] The abundance of amino acids includes amino acids in free form and in polymerization form (proteins).
non-canonical amino acid (ncAA) Also non-standard amino acid. Any amino acid, natural or artificial, that is not one of the 20 or 21 proteinogenic amino acids encoded by the standard genetic code. There are hundreds of such amino acids, many of which have biological functions and are specified by alternative codes or incorporated into proteins ...