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A mantle plume is a proposed mechanism of convection within the Earth's mantle, hypothesized to explain anomalous volcanism. [2] Because the plume head partially melts on reaching shallow depths, a plume is often invoked as the cause of volcanic hotspots, such as Hawaii or Iceland, and large igneous provinces such as the Deccan and Siberian Traps.
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Second, flow of hot mantle material encounters the base of the thin lithosphere and often results in melting and a new phase of volcanism. Delamination may thus account for some volcanic regions that have been attributed to mantle plumes in the past. [6]
Plume (feather), a prominent bird feather; Plume (fluid dynamics), a column consisting of one fluid moving through another fluid; Eruption plume, a column of volcanic ash and gas emitted into the atmosphere during an eruption; Mantle plume, an upwelling of hot rock within the Earth's mantle that can cause volcanic hotspots
Mantle plumes were first proposed by J. Tuzo Wilson in 1963 [4] [non-primary source needed] and further developed by W. Jason Morgan in 1971. A mantle plume is posited to exist where hot rock nucleates [clarification needed] at the core-mantle boundary and rises through the Earth's mantle becoming a diapir in the Earth's crust. [5]
Recently, some scientists have highlighted that certain characteristics associated with mantle plumes such as precursory uplift, time-progressive volcanism, and continuity between seismic anomalies in the upper and lower mantle are lacking.
Volcanic plume or volcanic plume may refer to: Eruption plume , a column of hot volcanic ash and gas emitted into the atmosphere during an explosive volcanic eruption Mantle plume , an upwelling of abnormally hot rock within the Earth's mantle, which can cause volcanic hotspots
Rocks in the lower crust and the upper mantle are subject to partial melting. The rate of partial melting and the resultant silicate melt composition depend on temperature, pressure, flux addition (water, volatiles) and the source rock composition. [4] In oceanic crust, decompression melting of mantle materials forms basaltic magma.