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M. catarrhalis is a large, kidney-shaped, Gram-negative diplococcus. It can be cultured on blood and chocolate agar plates after an aerobic incubation at 37 °C for 24 hours. Cultures revealed gray-white hemispheric colonies about 1 mm in diameter. These colonies were fragile and easy to crumble, and appeared to have a waxy surface.
Bacilli usually have a rod or cylinder shape. Examples include Listeria, Salmonella typhimurium, Yersinia enterocolitica, and Escherichia coli.. Yersinia enterocolitica colonies growing on XLD agar plates Escherichia coli Color-enhanced scanning electron micrograph showing Salmonella typhimurium (red) invading cultured human cells
Examples of gram-negative diplococci are Neisseria spp. and Moraxella catarrhalis. Examples of gram-positive diplococci are Streptococcus pneumoniae and Enterococcus spp. [10] [11] Presumably, diplococcus has been implicated in encephalitis lethargica. [12] The genus Neisseria belongs to the family Neisseriaceae.
Moraxella is a genus of gram-negative bacteria in the family Moraxellaceae. It is named after the Swiss ophthalmologist Victor Morax . The organisms are short rods , coccobacilli , or as in the case of Moraxella catarrhalis , diplococci in morphology, with asaccharolytic, oxidase -positive, and catalase -positive properties. [ 2 ]
The Gonochek II test, a commercial biochemical test, is used to differentiate between Neisseria lactamica, Neisseria meningitidis, N. gonorrhoeae and Moraxella catarrhalis. The principle behind this test is to use enzymes native to the organism to create a colored product in the presence of foreign molecules.
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Gram-negative bacteria are seen less frequently: Haemophilus influenzae , Klebsiella pneumoniae , Escherichia coli , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Bordetella pertussis, and Moraxella catarrhalis are the most common. These bacteria often live in the gut and enter the lungs when contents of the gut (such as vomit or faeces) are inhaled.
Cystine tryptic agar (CTA), also known as cystine trypticase agar, [1] [2] is a growth medium used for the identification of microorganisms. [ 3 ] It can be used to determine if organisms can ferment various carbohydrates , including maltose , lactose , and sucrose .