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  2. Skin whitening - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_whitening

    Side effects may include sun sensitivity, skin redness, thickening, or itching. [6] Low concentrations may be used in cosmetics. [6] Kojic acid has been found to be an effective lightener in some studies and is also allowed to be used in cosmetics. [6] Side effects include redness and eczema. [6]

  3. Vitiligo - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitiligo

    Vitiligo (/ ˌ v ɪ t ɪ ˈ l aɪ ɡ oʊ /, vi-ti-leye-goh) is a chronic autoimmune disorder that causes patches of skin to lose pigment or color. [1] The cause of vitiligo is unknown, but it may be related to immune system changes, genetic factors, stress, or sun exposure.

  4. Melanism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanism

    Melanin is the primary determinant of the degree of skin pigmentation and protects the body from harmful ultraviolet radiation. The same ultraviolet radiation is essential for the synthesis of vitamin D in skin, so lighter colored skin – less melanin – is an adaptation related to the prehistoric movement of humans away from equatorial ...

  5. Carotenosis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carotenosis

    Numerous ingested substances are rich in carotenoids. Increased serum lipids also cause hypercarotenemia because there are increased circulating lipoproteins that contain bound carotenoids. Finally, in certain disease states, the metabolism and conversion of carotenoids to retinol is slowed, which can lead to decreased clearance and increased ...

  6. Khellin - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khellin

    Vitiligo is a disease which causes loss of pigmentation in portions of skin. When khellin is applied topically in combination with UVA light, it is able to stimulate melanocytes (cells that produce melanin) in hair follicles for successful treatment of vitiligo. One such method is blister roof transplantation; in which, blisters are formed on ...

  7. PUVA therapy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PUVA_therapy

    PUVA (psoralen and UVA) is an ultraviolet light therapy treatment for skin diseases: vitiligo, eczema, psoriasis, graft-versus-host disease, mycosis fungoides, large plaque parapsoriasis, and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, using the sensitizing effects of the drug psoralen.

  8. Hyperpigmentation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperpigmentation

    Many forms of hyperpigmentation are caused by an excess production of melanin. [4] Hyperpigmentation can be diffuse or focal, affecting such areas as the face and the back of the hands. Melanin is produced by melanocytes at the lower layer of the epidermis. Melanin is a class of pigment responsible for producing color in the body in places such ...

  9. Venetian ceruse - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venetian_ceruse

    Other skin lighteners during the 16th century containing mercury and acidic ingredients were more harsh, and would remove the superficial epidermis of the skin or stop the production of melanin altogether. [1] Some sources state that the faithful application of ceruse by many was a result of the side effects caused by its lead compounds.