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The ratio of women researchers is the lowest among countries in OECD in every area, including the industry, government, and universities, especially in the industrial areas, there are only 8.1% of women researchers. [4] Although the ratio is slightly increasing, the speed of this increase is relatively low compared to the other countries. [4]
The modern history begins in 1961 when President John F. Kennedy in 1961 issued Executive Order 10925, which required government contractors to take "affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed, and that employees are treated during employment, without regard to their race, creed, color, or national origin."
A dominant minority, also called elite dominance, is a minority group that wields political, economic, or cultural dominance in a country, despite representing only a subset of the overall population (a demographic minority). [citation needed] Dominant minorities are also known as alien elites if they are recent immigrants. [citation needed]
In Sociology, tokenism is the social practice of making a perfunctory and symbolic effort towards the equitable inclusion of members of a minority group, especially by recruiting people from under-represented social-minority groups in order for the organization to give the public appearance of racial and gender equality, usually within a workplace or a school.
That decision effectively prohibited policies long used to increase the number of under-represented minorities at American universities. "I don't think its overt racism, although it does exist ...
Group Representation Constituency (GRC) was created in 1988. GRC scheme entrenches the presence of minority MPs in Parliament, ensuring that interests of minority communities are represented in Parliament. In a GRC, a number of candidates comes together to stand for elections to Parliament as a group. Each voter of a GRC casts a ballot for a ...
Minority rights were codified in Austrian law in 1867. [5] Russia was especially active in protecting Orthodox Christians and Slavic peoples under the control of the Ottoman Empire. [6] However the Russian government tolerated vicious pogroms against Jews in its villages. Russia was widely attacked for this policy. [7]
A minority government, minority cabinet, minority administration, or a minority parliament is a government and cabinet formed in a parliamentary system when a political party or coalition of parties does not have a majority of overall seats in the legislature. [1]