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  2. Ionization energy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionization_energy

    Ionization energy is positive for neutral atoms, meaning that the ionization is an endothermic process. Roughly speaking, the closer the outermost electrons are to the nucleus of the atom , the higher the atom's ionization energy.

  3. Molar ionization energies of the elements - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molar_ionization_energies...

    The first molar ionization energy applies to the neutral atoms. The second, third, etc., molar ionization energy applies to the further removal of an electron from a singly, doubly, etc., charged ion. For ionization energies measured in the unit eV, see Ionization energies of the elements (data page). All data from rutherfordium onwards is ...

  4. Ionization energies of the elements (data page) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionization_energies_of_the...

    The first of these quantities is used in atomic physics, the second in chemistry, but both refer to the same basic property of the element. To convert from "value of ionization energy" to the corresponding "value of molar ionization energy", the conversion is: 1 eV = 96.48534 kJ/mol 1 kJ/mol = 0.0103642688 eV [12]

  5. Ionization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionization

    The trend in the ionization energy of atoms is often used to demonstrate the periodic behavior of atoms with respect to the atomic number, as summarized by ordering atoms in Mendeleev's table. This is a valuable tool for establishing and understanding the ordering of electrons in atomic orbitals without going into the details of wave functions ...

  6. Periodic trends - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic_trends

    In that case, the ionization energy decreases as atomic size increases due to adding a valence shell, thereby diminishing the nucleus's attraction to electrons. [13] [14] Ionization energy and electron affinity between two electronegative atoms (i.e., Chlorine and Bromine) decreases as the space between the valence shell and nucleus increases.

  7. Helium atom - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium_atom

    The potential is a Coulomb interaction, so the corresponding individual electron energies are given by = = and the corresponding spatial wave function is given by (,) = (+) If Z e was 1.70, that would make the expression above for the ground state energy agree with the experimental value E 0 = −2.903 a.u. of the ground state energy of helium.

  8. Ion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion

    The energy required to detach an electron in its lowest energy state from an atom or molecule of a gas with less net electric charge is called the ionization potential, or ionization energy. The nth ionization energy of an atom is the energy required to detach its nth electron after the first n − 1 electrons have already been detached.

  9. Ionizing radiation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionizing_radiation

    In some Environmental Protection Agency references, the ionization of a typical water molecule at an energy of 33 eV is referenced [17] as the appropriate biological threshold for ionizing radiation: this value represents the so-called W-value, the colloquial name for the ICRU's mean energy expended in a gas per ion pair formed, [18] which ...