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Protection and indemnity insurance, more commonly known as P&I insurance, is a form of mutual maritime insurance provided by a P&I club. [1] Whereas a marine insurance company provides "hull and machinery" cover for shipowners, and cargo cover for cargo owners, a P&I club provides cover for open-ended risks that traditional insurers are reluctant to insure.
In 1967 North P&I Club absorbed the neighbouring Neptune P&I club, bringing a number of Irish and Yugoslav vessels. On 20 February 1998 it merged with the Newcastle club, adding some 5 million GT of shipping and 30 staff. Two years later North P&I Club absorbed the business of the Liverpool and London club, adding another 5 million GT.
The Certificate of Financial Responsibility (COFR) program was created to ensure that tankers, barges, and other vessels used to transport oil and chemical-based products on U.S. should bear any ensuing cleanup costs from spills or leaks.
The London P&I Club abbreviated also London Club, and The London Steam-Ship Owners’ Mutual Insurance Association Limited is a group of protection and indemnity insurance (P&I) companies for mutual maritime insurance representing global ship-owners, founded and registered in England 1866, incorporated in 1875.
Assuranceforeningen Gard, the P&I Club, was founded in Arendal, Norway in 1907. Historically, Arendal was an important shipping centre at that time, but the establishment of Gard was also driven by the reluctance of owners of sailing ships to subsidise the liabilities arising from owners operating steam ships.
Obtaining a certificate is voluntary in some fields, but in others, certification from a government-accredited agency may be legally required to perform certain jobs or tasks. Organizations in the United States involved in setting standards for certification include the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and the Institute for ...
The organization offers certification programs, training tools, and networking opportunities for the purpose of increasing workplace performance in supply chain. [6] The Supply Chain Council (SCC) merged into APICS on 5 August 2014. [7] APICS also merged with the American Society of Transportation and Logistics (AST&L) in 2015.
In the United States, certification and licensure requirements for law enforcement officers vary significantly from state to state. [1] [2] Policing in the United States is highly fragmented, [1] and there are no national minimum standards for licensing police officers in the U.S. [3] Researchers say police are given far more training on use of firearms than on de-escalating provocative ...