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  2. Radical (chemistry) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_(chemistry)

    The hydroxyl radical, Lewis structure shown, contains one unpaired electron. Lewis dot structure of a Hydroxide ion compared to a hydroxyl radical. In chemistry, a radical, also known as a free radical, is an atom, molecule, or ion that has at least one unpaired valence electron.

  3. Hydroxyl radical - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxyl_radical

    The hydroxyl radical, • HO, is the neutral form of the hydroxide ion (HO –). Hydroxyl radicals are highly reactive and consequently short-lived; however, they form an important part of radical chemistry .

  4. Quark - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark

    A quark (/ k w ɔːr k, k w ɑːr k /) is a type of elementary particle and a fundamental constituent of matter. Quarks combine to form composite particles called hadrons, the most stable of which are protons and neutrons, the components of atomic nuclei. [1] All commonly observable matter is composed of up quarks, down quarks and electrons.

  5. Radical theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_theory

    The term radical was already in use when radical theory was developed. Louis-Bernard Guyton de Morveau introduced the phrase "radical" in 1785 and the phrase was employed by Antoine Lavoisier in 1789 in his Traité Élémentaire de Chimie. A radical was identified as the root base of certain acids (The Latin word "radix" meaning "root").

  6. List of states of matter - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_of_matter

    Strange matter: A type of quark matter that may exist inside some neutron stars close to the Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff limit (approximately 2–3 solar masses). May be stable at lower energy states once formed. Quark matter: Hypothetical phases of matter whose degrees of freedom include quarks and gluons Color-glass condensate

  7. Radiation chemistry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_chemistry

    The fact that oxygen changes the radiation chemistry might be one reason why oxygenated tissues are more sensitive to irradiation than the deoxygenated tissue at the center of a tumor. The free radicals, such as the hydroxyl radical, chemically modify biomolecules such as DNA, leading to damage such as breaks in the DNA strands. Some substances ...

  8. Amino radical - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_radical

    In chemistry, the amino radical, ·NH 2, also known as the aminyl or azanyl, is the neutral form of the amide ion (NH − 2). Aminyl radicals are highly reactive and consequently short-lived, like most radicals; however, they form an important part of nitrogen chemistry. In sufficiently high concentration, amino radicals dimerise to form hydrazine.

  9. Chemistry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry

    Chemistry is the scientific study of the properties and behavior of matter. [1] It is a physical science within the natural sciences that studies the chemical elements that make up matter and compounds made of atoms, molecules and ions: their composition, structure, properties, behavior and the changes they undergo during reactions with other substances.