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World map of birth sex ratios, 2012 The one child policy in China has contributed to the imbalanced sex ratios. Image shows a community bulletin board in Nonguang Village, Sichuan province, China, keeping track of the town's female population, listing recent births by name and noting that several thousand yuan of fines for unauthorized births remain unpaid from the previous year.
Amartya Sen noticed that in China, rapid economic development went together with worsening female mortality and higher sex ratios. [12] [13] Although China has been traditionally discriminatory against women, a significant decline in China's female population happened after 1979, the year following implementation of economic and social reforms under Deng Xiaoping. [12]
In younger grades, many pictures in Chinese textbooks include gender stereotypes, such as women pictured doing household chores, while men are pictured working at their jobs. [34] Women are also portrayed as taking care of the house duties and children, while men are portrayed as firemen or police officers at work.
In rural China, traditional Chinese folk religion plays a role in son preference. Such folk religion may overlap with an individual's belief in Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism, or other traditional Chinese religions. [19] The majority of ancient Chinese were adherents of Confucianism, which values patriarchy. In general, the preference of a son ...
As of 2023, Chinese girls receive more schooling on average than boys. [90]: 69 A number of studies attribute the improvement in girls' schooling to the effects of the one-child policy. [90]: 69 Gender disparity persisted into the 1990s for tertiary institutions. [89] By 2009, however, half of all college students were women.
As of 2022, Chinese state media reported the country's total fertility rate to be 1.09. [6] China was the world's most populous country from at least 1950 [7] until being surpassed by India in 2023. [8] [9] By one estimate, in 2024 China's population stood at about 1.408 billion, down from the 1.412 billion recorded in the 2020 census. [10]
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The 2020 census showed that the gender ratio of mainland China has improved, with the male-to-female ratio reaching a new record low of 105.07. [17] This is the most balanced gender ration since the People's Republic of China began conducting censuses in 1953.
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