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Fourth-wave feminism is a feminist movement that began around the early 2010s and is characterized by a focus on the empowerment of women, [1] the use of internet tools, [2] and intersectionality. [3] The fourth wave seeks greater gender equality by focusing on gendered norms and the marginalization of women in society.
Third-wave feminism is a feminist movement that began in the early 1990s, [2] prominent in the decades prior to the fourth wave. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Grounded in the civil-rights advances of the second wave , Gen X third-wave feminists born in the 1960s and 1970s embraced diversity and individualism in women, and sought to redefine what it meant to be a ...
Robbin Hillary VanNewkirk "Third Wave Feminist History and the Politics of Being Visible and Being Real" Elaine Showalter A Literature of their Own: British Women Novelists from Bronte to Lessing. ISBN 978-0691004761 (Expanded Edition) Hélène Cixous The Laugh of the Medusa. ISBN 978-0415049306; Mary Eagleton, Feminist Literary Theory: A Reader.
Some parts of third-wave and fourth-wave mainstream feminism has also been accused of being commercialized, [7] and of focusing exclusively on issues that are less contentious in the western world today, such as women's political participation or female education access. Radical feminists sometimes criticize mainstream feminists for not ...
Chela Sandoval, in her essay on third-world feminism, writes: "This Bridge Called My Back [...] made the presence of U.S. third world feminism impossible to ignore on the same terms as it had been throughout the 1970s. But soon the writings and theoretical challenges of U.S. third world feminists were marginalized into [...] mere 'description ...
The third wave of feminism came during the 1990s -- and embraced the idea that women can be assertive and powerful. This challenged the gender norm.. More powerful and dynamic characters were ...
Rebecca Walker (born Rebecca Leventhal; November 17, 1969) is an American writer, feminist, and activist.Walker has been regarded as one of the prominent voices of Third Wave Feminism, and the coiner of the term "third wave", since publishing a 1992 article on feminism in Ms. magazine called "Becoming the Third Wave", in which she proclaimed: "I am the Third Wave."
The name "4B" stems from the four 'nos' of the movement and the Korean prefix "bi," which means "no." The four 'nos' are no sex, no giving birth, no dating men and no marriage with men.