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BUN is an indication of kidney health. The normal range is 2.1–7.1 mmol/L or 6–20 mg/dL. [1]The main causes of an increase in BUN are: high-protein diet, decrease in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) (suggestive of kidney failure), decrease in blood volume (hypovolemia), congestive heart failure, gastrointestinal hemorrhage, [5] fever, rapid cell destruction from infections, athletic ...
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In medicine, the urea-to-creatinine ratio (UCR [1]), known in the United States as BUN-to-creatinine ratio, is the ratio of the blood levels of urea (mmol/L) and creatinine (Cr) (μmol/L). BUN only reflects the nitrogen content of urea (MW 28) and urea measurement reflects the whole of the molecule (MW 60), urea is just over twice BUN (60/28 ...
The anion gap can be increased due to relatively low levels of cations other than sodium and potassium (e.g. calcium or magnesium). An anion gap is usually considered to be high if it is over 12 mEq/L. High anion gap metabolic acidosis is typically caused by acid produced by the body.
Uremia is the condition of having high levels of urea in the blood. Urea is one of the primary components of urine.It can be defined as an excess in the blood of amino acid and protein metabolism end products, such as urea and creatinine, which would normally be excreted in the urine.
The BUN:Cr in postrenal azotemia is initially >15. The increased nephron tubular pressure (due to fluid back-up) causes increased reabsorption of urea, elevating it abnormally relative to creatinine. [3] Persistent obstruction damages the tubular epithelium over time, and renal azotemia will result with a decreased BUN:Cr ratio. [6]
BUN-to-creatinine ratio (the ratio of blood urea nitrogen to creatinine) can indicate other problems besides those intrinsic to the kidney; for example, a urea concentration raised out of proportion to the creatinine may indicate a prerenal problem, such as volume depletion.
Blood tests (to monitor levels of platelets, red blood cells, and white blood cells), stool tests (especially to check for microscopic or macroscopic levels of fresh or old blood), urinalysis (to help monitor kidney function, like blood urea nitrogen, or BUN, levels, pH, and for blood in the urine- hematuria) [3] Differential diagnosis