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The Intel 4004 is a 4-bit central processing unit (CPU) released by Intel Corporation in 1971. Sold for US$60 (equivalent to $450 in 2023 [2]), it was the first commercially produced microprocessor, [3] and the first in a long line of Intel CPUs.
In 2009, the four contributors to the 4004 were inducted as Fellows of the Computer History Museum. Ted Hoff, head of Application Research Department, formulated the architectural proposal and the instruction set with assistance from Stan Mazor and working in conjunction with Busicom's Masatoshi Shima. However, none of them was a chip designer ...
The HP Saturn processors, used in many Hewlett-Packard calculators between 1984 and 2003 (including the HP 48 series of scientific calculators) are "4-bit" (or hybrid 64-/4-bit) machines; as the Intel 4004 did, they string multiple 4-bit words together, e.g. to form a 20-bit memory address, and most of the registers are 64 bits wide, storing 16 ...
The Japanese calculator manufacturer Busicom asked Intel to complete the design and manufacture of a new set of chips. Credited along with Faggin, Hoff, and Masatoshi Shima of Busicom as co-inventor, Mazor helped define the architecture and the instruction set for the revolutionary new chip, dubbed the Intel 4004.
Another pin was used to bank select a second read only memory (ROM), doubling the amount of ROM the processor could address compared to the 4004. To make use of these new pins, the instruction set was expanded, increasing it to 60 instructions from the original 46.
Shima's initial design included arithmetic units , multiplier units, registers, read-only memory, and a macro-instruction set to control a decimal computer system. [4] Busicom wanted to produce a general-purpose LSI chipset, for not only desktop calculators, but also other equipment such as a teller machine, cash register and billing machine.
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This limit comes from the 4004's 3-bit internal register set by the bank-switching DCL instruction. The extra banks, 4-7, are indicated by combinations of command lines CM-RAM1 to CM-RAM3. You have to pass these lines through a 3-to-8 decoder circuit to separate the distinct banks 1-7.