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A four-ox-team plough, circa 1330. The ploughman is using a mouldboard plough to cut through the heavy soils. A team could plough about one acre (0.4 ha) per day. The typical planting scheme in a three-field system was that barley, oats, or legumes would be planted in one field in spring, wheat or rye in the second field in the fall and the third field would be left fallow.
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Permaculture is an approach to land management and settlement design that adopts arrangements observed in flourishing natural ecosystems. It includes a set of design principles derived using whole-systems thinking. It applies these principles in fields such as regenerative agriculture, town planning, rewilding, and community resilience.
In areas where rivers provided the main form of transportation, the ribbon farm layout gave multiple landowners access to the waterway. [ 1 ] [ 6 ] In addition, the long lots increased variation in soil and drainage within one lot, [ 6 ] and facilitated plowing by minimizing the number of times oxen teams needed to be turned. [ 1 ]
Farm equipment has evolved over the centuries from simple hand tools such as the hoe, through ox- or horse-drawn equipment such as the plough and harrow, to the modern highly technical machinery such as the tractor, baler and combine harvester replacing what was a highly labour-intensive occupation before the Industrial Revolution.
Animals were often kept in fattening pens with a simple shed for shelter, with the main barn or barns being utilized for crop storage or processing only. [33] Stables were an essential type of barn on the plantation, used to house both horses and mules .
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A back paddock is a smaller field that is situated away from the farm house; possibly land of lesser quality. [5] The equivalent concept in North America and the UK is a pasture . In Australia, the word seems to have had its current meaning since at least 1807 [ 6 ] and in New Zealand since at least 1842. [ 7 ]