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The smallest (and unique up to rotation and reflection) non-trivial case of a magic square, order 3. In mathematics, especially historical and recreational mathematics, a square array of numbers, usually positive integers, is called a magic square if the sums of the numbers in each row, each column, and both main diagonals are the same.
For example the following sequence can be used to form an order 3 magic square according to the Siamese method (9 boxes): 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45 (the magic sum gives 75, for all rows, columns and diagonals). The magic sum in these cases will be the sum of the arithmetic progression used divided by the order of the magic square.
Start by creating a (2n+1)-by-(2n+1) square array consisting of n+1 rows of Ls, 1 row of Us, and; n-1 rows of Xs, and then exchange the U in the middle with the L above it. Each letter represents a 2x2 block of numbers in the finished square.
As a running example, we consider a 10×10 magic square, where we have divided the square into four quarters. The quarter A contains a magic square of numbers from 1 to 25, B a magic square of numbers from 26 to 50, C a magic square of numbers from 51 to 75, and D a magic square of numbers from 76 to 100.
Magic squares In 1992, Demirörs, Rafraf, and Tanik published a method for converting some magic squares into n-queens solutions, and vice versa. [18] Latin squares In an n×n matrix, place each digit 1 through n in n locations in the matrix so that no two instances of the same digit are in the same row or column. Exact cover
A most-perfect magic square of order n is a magic square containing the numbers 1 to n 2 with two additional properties: Each 2 × 2 subsquare sums to 2 s , where s = n 2 + 1. All pairs of integers distant n /2 along a (major) diagonal sum to s .
A geometric magic square, often abbreviated to geomagic square, is a generalization of magic squares invented by Lee Sallows in 2001. [1] A traditional magic square is a square array of numbers (almost always positive integers) whose sum taken in any row, any column, or in either diagonal is the same target number.
The magic constant or magic sum of a magic square is the sum of numbers in any row, column, or diagonal of the magic square. For example, the magic square shown below has a magic constant of 15. For a normal magic square of order n – that is, a magic square which contains the numbers 1, 2, ..., n 2 – the magic constant is = +.