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Residual income valuation (RIV; also, residual income model and residual income method, RIM) is an approach to equity valuation that formally accounts for the cost of equity capital. Here, "residual" means in excess of any opportunity costs measured relative to the book value of shareholders' equity ; residual income (RI) is then the income ...
The residual value derives its calculation from a base price, calculated after depreciation. Residual values are calculated using a number of factors, generally a vehicles market value for the term and mileage required is the start point for the calculation, followed by seasonality, monthly adjustment, lifecycle, and disposal performance.
A professional investor contemplating a change to the capital structure of a firm (e.g., through a leveraged buyout) first evaluates a firm's fundamental earnings potential (reflected by earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization and EBIT), and then determines the optimal use of debt versus equity (equity value).
As such, it is an indicator of a company's financial flexibility and is of interest to holders of the company's equity, debt, preferred stock and convertible securities, as well as potential lenders and investors. Free cash flow can be calculated in various ways, depending on audience and available data.
Lessors calculate residual values using many factors, typically beginning with the vehicle's market value for the term and mileage required, but the calculation can get complex quickly.
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Alternatively, the method can be used to value the company based on the value of total invested capital. In each case, the differences lie in the choice of the income stream and discount rate. For example, the net cash flow to total invested capital and WACC are appropriate when valuing a company based on the market value of all invested ...
Dating back to 1947, annual GDP has grown between 1.1% and 2% five times. Stocks were higher just 40% of the time in those years with an average decline of 3.4%.