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Hypothalamic disease is a disorder presenting primarily in the hypothalamus, which may be caused by damage resulting from malnutrition, including anorexia and bulimia eating disorders, [1] [2] genetic disorders, radiation, surgery, head trauma, [3] lesion, [1] tumour or other physical injury to the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus is the control ...
Orexin (/ ɒ ˈ r ɛ k s ɪ n /), also known as hypocretin, is a neuropeptide that regulates arousal, wakefulness, and appetite. [5] It exists in the forms of orexin-A and orexin-B.The most common form of narcolepsy, type 1, in which the individual experiences brief losses of muscle tone ("drop attacks" or cataplexy), is caused by a lack of orexin in the brain due to destruction of the cells ...
It is capable of crossing the blood–brain barrier [7] and initiating synthesis of PGE 2 in the hypothalamus, thereby changing the body's temperature setpoint. In muscle and fatty tissue, IL-6 stimulates energy mobilization that leads to increased body temperature.
All fevers result from a raised setting in the hypothalamus; elevated body temperatures due to any other cause are classified as hyperthermia. [36] Rarely, direct damage to the hypothalamus, such as from a stroke, will cause a fever; this is sometimes called a hypothalamic fever. However, it is more common for such damage to cause abnormally ...
Together, these data suggest a model whereby the SCN maintains control across the body by synchronizing "slave oscillators," which exhibit their own near-24-hour rhythms and control circadian phenomena in local tissue. [11] The SCN receives input from specialized photosensitive ganglion cells in the retina via the retinohypothalamic tract. [12]
Furthermore, adipose tissue produce a hormone called leptin, which serves to suppress appetite in the hypothalamus. Leptin receptors have been found to be increased in cachexia, indicating an additional appetite-suppressing effect.
Norepinephrine increases thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue, and muscle contraction through shivering raises the metabolic rate. [ 85 ] If these measures are insufficient to make the blood temperature in the brain match the new set point in the hypothalamus, the brain orchestrates heat effector mechanisms via the autonomic nervous system or ...
The arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARH), [1] or ARC, [2] is also known as the infundibular nucleus to distinguish it from the arcuate nucleus of the medulla oblongata in the brainstem. [1] The arcuate nucleus is an aggregation of neurons in the mediobasal hypothalamus, adjacent to the third ventricle and the median eminence.