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m is a divisor of n (also called m divides n, or n is divisible by m) if all prime factors of m have at least the same multiplicity in n. The divisors of n are all products of some or all prime factors of n (including the empty product 1 of no prime factors). The number of divisors can be computed by increasing all multiplicities by 1 and then ...
d() is the number of positive divisors of n, including 1 and n itself; σ() is the sum of the positive divisors of n, including 1 and n itselfs() is the sum of the proper divisors of n, including 1 but not n itself; that is, s(n) = σ(n) − n
There are 252 points on the surface of a cuboctahedron of radius five in the face-centered cubic lattice, [8] 252 ways of writing the number 4 as a sum of six squares of integers, [9] 252 ways of choosing four squares from a 4×4 chessboard up to reflections and rotations, [10] and 252 ways of placing three pieces on a Connect Four board. [11]
However, amicable numbers where the two members have different smallest prime factors do exist: there are seven such pairs known. [8] Also, every known pair shares at least one common prime factor. It is not known whether a pair of coprime amicable numbers exists, though if any does, the product of the two must be greater than 10 65.
For example, 21 is the GCD of 252 and 105 (as 252 = 21 × 12 and 105 = 21 × 5), and the same number 21 is also the GCD of 105 and 252 − 105 = 147. Since this replacement reduces the larger of the two numbers, repeating this process gives successively smaller pairs of numbers until the two numbers become equal.
If one of the factors is composite, it can in turn be written as a product of smaller factors, for example 60 = 3 · 20 = 3 · (5 · 4). Continuing this process until every factor is prime is called prime factorization; the result is always unique up to the order of the factors by the prime factorization theorem.
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According to Guy, Erdős has asked whether there are infinitely many pairs of consecutive powerful numbers such as (23 3, 2 3 3 2 13 2) in which neither number in the pair is a square. Walker (1976) showed that there are indeed infinitely many such pairs by showing that 3 3 c 2 + 1 = 7 3 d 2 has infinitely many solutions.