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For an observer standing on a hill or tower 100 metres (330 ft) above sea level, the horizon is at a distance of 36 kilometres (22 mi). For an observer standing on the roof of the Burj Khalifa, 828 metres (2,717 ft) from ground, and about 834 metres (2,736 ft) above sea level, the horizon is at a distance of 103 kilometres (64 mi).
At sea level, the Rayleigh atmosphere has an extinction coefficient of approximately 13.2 × 10 −6 m −1 at a wavelength of 520 nm. This means that in the cleanest possible atmosphere, visibility is limited to about 296 km. Visibility perception depends on several physical and visual factors.
Without taking into account the refraction through the atmosphere, the radar horizon would be the geometrical distance from the radar to the horizon only taking into account the height of the radar above sea-level, and the radius of the earth (approximately 6.4·10 3 km):
A typical example of long-distance observation. The Tatra Mountains as seen from the Łysa Góra, in southeast Poland, at a distance of about 200 km (120 mi).. Long-distance observation is any visual observation, for sightseeing or photography, that targets all the objects, visible from the extremal distance with the possibility to see them closely.
Assuming a perfect sphere with no terrain irregularity, the distance to the horizon from a high altitude transmitter (i.e., line of sight) can readily be calculated. Let R be the radius of the Earth and h be the altitude of a telecommunication station. The line of sight distance d of this station is given by the Pythagorean theorem;
The term above sea level generally refers to the height above mean sea level (AMSL). The term APSL means above present sea level, comparing sea levels in the past with the level today. Earth's radius at sea level is 6,378.137 km (3,963.191 mi) at the equator.
Scuba diver with bifocal lenses fitted to a mask. Underwater vision is the ability to see objects underwater, and this is significantly affected by several factors.. Underwater, objects are less visible because of lower levels of natural illumination caused by rapid attenuation of light with distance passed through
Looming of the Canadian coast as seen from Rochester, New York, on April 16, 1871. Looming is the most noticeable and most often observed of these refraction phenomena. It is an abnormally large refraction of the object that increases the apparent elevation of the distant objects and sometimes allows an observer to see objects that are located below the horizon under normal conditions.