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  2. Middle Chinese - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Chinese

    The Qieyun is thus the oldest surviving rhyme dictionary and the main source for the pronunciation of characters in Early Middle Chinese (EMC). At the time of Bernhard Karlgren 's seminal work on Middle Chinese in the early 20th century, only fragments of the Qieyun were known, and scholars relied on the Guangyun (1008), a much expanded edition ...

  3. Karlgren–Li reconstruction of Middle Chinese - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlgren–Li...

    The Karlgren–Li reconstruction of Middle Chinese was a ... The Qieyun rime dictionary was created by Lu Fayan in 601 as a guide to proper pronunciation, ...

  4. Middle Chinese finals - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Chinese_finals

    In Middle Chinese, the phonological system of medieval rime dictionaries and rime tables, the final is the rest of the syllable after the initial consonant. This analysis is derived from the traditional Chinese fanqie system of indicating pronunciation with a pair of characters indicating the sounds of the initial and final parts of the syllable respectively, though in both cases several ...

  5. Reconstructions of Old Chinese - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstructions_of_Old_Chinese

    Middle Chinese, or more precisely Early Middle Chinese, is the phonological system of the Qieyun, a rhyme dictionary published in 601, with many revisions and expansions over the following centuries. These dictionaries set out to codify the pronunciations of characters to be used when reading the classics .

  6. Historical Chinese phonology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_Chinese_phonology

    Historical Chinese phonology deals with reconstructing the sounds of Chinese from the past. As Chinese is written with logographic characters, not alphabetic or syllabary, the methods employed in Historical Chinese phonology differ considerably from those employed in, for example, Indo-European linguistics; reconstruction is more difficult because, unlike Indo-European languages, no phonetic ...

  7. Old Chinese phonology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Chinese_phonology

    Although many authors have projected the Middle Chinese palatal medial -j-back to a medial *-j-in Old Chinese, others have suggested that the Middle Chinese medial was a secondary development not present in Old Chinese. Evidence includes the use of type B syllables to transcribe foreign words lacking any such medial, the lack of the medial in ...

  8. Four tones (Middle Chinese) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_tones_(Middle_Chinese)

    "Old Chinese was a toneless language. Tones arose between Old Chinese and Early Middle Chinese (that is between 500 BCE and 500 CE) as a result of the loss of final laryngeals." The four tones of Middle Chinese, 平 píng level, 上 shǎng rising, 去 qù departing, and 入 rù entering, all

  9. Baxter's transcription for Middle Chinese - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baxter's_transcription_for...

    William H. Baxter's transcription for Middle Chinese is an alphabetic notation recording phonological information from medieval sources, rather than a reconstruction. It was introduced by Baxter as a reference point for his reconstruction of Old Chinese phonology.