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Multiple forms of extrachromosomal DNA exist, and, while some of these serve important biological functions, [1] they can also play a role in diseases such as cancer. [2] [3] [4] In prokaryotes, nonviral extrachromosomal DNA is primarily found in plasmids, whereas, in eukaryotes extrachromosomal DNA is primarily found in organelles. [1]
Extrachromosomal circular DNA (eccDNA) is a type of double-stranded circular DNA structure that was first discovered in 1964 by Alix Bassel and Yasuo Hotta. [1] In contrast to previously identified circular DNA structures (e.g., bacterial plasmids, mitochondrial DNA, circular bacterial chromosomes, or chloroplast DNA), eccDNA are circular DNA found in the eukaryotic nuclei of plant and animal ...
An extrachromosomal array is a method for mosaic analysis in genetics. It is a cosmid , and contains two functioning ( wild-type ) closely linked genes : a gene of interest and a mosaic marker . Such an array is injected into germ line cells, which already contain mutant (specifically, loss of function ) alleles of all three genes in their ...
In Mendelian inheritance, genes have only two alleles, such as a and A. Mendel consciously chose pairs of genetic traits, represented by two alleles for his inheritance experiments. In nature, such genes often exist in several different forms and are therefore said to have multiple alleles. An individual usually has only two copies of each gene ...
The term plasmid was coined in 1952 by the American molecular biologist Joshua Lederberg to refer to "any extrachromosomal hereditary determinant." [11] [12] The term's early usage included any bacterial genetic material that exists extrachromosomally for at least part of its replication cycle, but because that description includes bacterial viruses, the notion of plasmid was refined over time ...
G&R Wrenn's first product line was trackwork for 00 gauge model railway equipment, producing a variety of points and crossings for both 2- and 3-rail formats. Initially located at Lee Green in southeast London , the company moved in 1955 to new larger premises in Basildon in Essex , where it remained until its final dissolution in 1992.
Chromosome 12 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans.People normally have two copies of this chromosome. Chromosome 12 spans about 133 million base pairs (the building material of DNA) and represents between 4 and 4.5 percent of the total DNA in cells.
Chromosome 20 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans.Chromosome 20 spans around 66 million base pairs (the building material of DNA) and represents between 2 and 2.5 percent of the total DNA in cells.