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The FOIL method is a special case of a more general method for multiplying algebraic expressions using the distributive law. The word FOIL was originally intended solely as a mnemonic for high-school students learning algebra. The term appears in William Betz's 1929 text Algebra for Today, where he states: [2]
However, even for solving quadratic equations, the factoring method was not used before Harriot's work published in 1631, ten years after his death. [3] In his book Artis Analyticae Praxis ad Aequationes Algebraicas Resolvendas , Harriot drew tables for addition, subtraction, multiplication and division of monomials , binomials , and trinomials .
Modern algorithms and computers can quickly factor univariate polynomials of degree more than 1000 having coefficients with thousands of digits. [3] For this purpose, even for factoring over the rational numbers and number fields, a fundamental step is a factorization of a polynomial over a finite field.
For instance, the polynomial x 2 + 3x + 2 is an example of this type of trinomial with n = 1. The solution a 1 = −2 and a 2 = −1 of the above system gives the trinomial factorization: x 2 + 3x + 2 = (x + a 1)(x + a 2) = (x + 2)(x + 1). The same result can be provided by Ruffini's rule, but with a more complex and time-consuming process.
Polynomial factoring algorithms use basic polynomial operations such as products, divisions, gcd, powers of one polynomial modulo another, etc. A multiplication of two polynomials of degree at most n can be done in O ( n 2 ) operations in F q using "classical" arithmetic, or in O ( n log( n ) log(log( n )) ) operations in F q using "fast ...
The Cantor–Zassenhaus algorithm takes as input a square-free polynomial (i.e. one with no repeated factors) of degree n with coefficients in a finite field whose irreducible polynomial factors are all of equal degree (algorithms exist for efficiently factoring arbitrary polynomials into a product of polynomials satisfying these conditions, for instance, () / ((), ′ ()) is a squarefree ...
Layers of Pascal's pyramid derived from coefficients in an upside-down ternary plot of the terms in the expansions of the powers of a trinomial – the number of terms is clearly a triangular number. In mathematics, a trinomial expansion is the expansion of a power of a sum of three terms into monomials. The expansion is given by
Fermat's method works best when there is a factor near the square-root of N. If the approximate ratio of two factors ( d / c {\displaystyle d/c} ) is known, then a rational number v / u {\displaystyle v/u} can be picked near that value.