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  2. Neogene - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neogene

    The Neogene (/ ˈ n iː. ə dʒ iː n / NEE-ə-jeen, [6] [7]) is a geologic period and system that spans 20.45 million years from the end of the Paleogene Period 23.04 million years ago to the beginning of the present Quaternary Period 2.58 million years ago.

  3. Late Miocene - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Miocene

    The Late Miocene (also known as Upper Miocene) is a sub-epoch of the Miocene Epoch made up of two stages. The Tortonian and Messinian stages comprise the Late Miocene sub-epoch, which lasted from 11.63 Ma ( million years ago ) to 5.333 Ma.

  4. Quaternary - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternary

    The Quaternary (/ k w ə ˈ t ɜːr n ə r i, ˈ k w ɒ t ər n ɛr i / kwə-TUR-nə-ree, KWOT-ər-nerr-ee) is the current and most recent of the three periods of the Cenozoic Era in the geologic time scale of the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS), as well as the current and most recent of the twelve periods of the Phanerozoic eon. [3]

  5. Messinian salinity crisis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messinian_salinity_crisis

    The kinematics and dynamics of this plate boundary and of the Gibraltar Arc during the late Miocene are closely related to the causes of the Messinian salinity crisis. Tectonic movements may have closed and re-opened passages, as the region where the connection with the Atlantic Ocean was situated is permeated by strike-slip faults and rotating ...

  6. Zanclean flood - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanclean_flood

    The timing of the Zanclean flood is uncertain, with one possibility being a flood around 5.33 million years ago; [42] the end of the Messinian/Miocene and beginning of the Zanclean/Pliocene is usually associated with the flood. [43]

  7. Quaternary science - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternary_science

    The Quaternary Period is a geologic time period that can be separated into two epochs, the Pleistocene ("most recent") Epoch, generally defined as beginning about 2.58 million years ago, and the Holocene ("wholly modern") Epoch, which began about 11,700 years ago. [5] [6] The study of Quaternary science began in the late eighteenth century in ...

  8. Geology of the Iberian Peninsula - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology_of_the_Iberian...

    On the southeast of Majorca overturned folds were produced in the Late Oligocene to Langhian. In the Middle and Late Miocene (mostly Serravallian) the ground was stretched (extended) and faults formed and created basins. In the Late Miocene they filled with water and sediment. After the orogeny, limestone marl and calcareous sandstone were added.

  9. Quaternary glaciation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternary_glaciation

    Glaciation has been a rare event in Earth's history, [44] but there is evidence of widespread glaciation during the late Paleozoic Era (300 to 200 Ma) and the late Precambrian (i.e., the Neoproterozoic Era, 800 to 600 Ma). [45] Before the current ice age, which began 2 to 3 Ma, Earth's climate was typically mild and uniform for long periods of ...