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  2. Common European Framework of Reference for Languages

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_European_Framework...

    An intergovernmental symposium in 1991 titled "Transparency and Coherence in Language Learning in Europe: Objectives, Evaluation, Certification" held by the Swiss Federal Authorities in the Swiss municipality of Rüschlikon found the need for a common European framework for languages to improve the recognition of language qualifications and help teachers co-operate.

  3. Communicative competence - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communicative_competence

    The notion of communicative competence is one of the theories that underlies the communicative approach to foreign language teaching. [5] At least three core models exist. The first and most widely used is Canale and Swain's model [6] and the later iteration by Canale. [7] In a second model, sociocultural content is more precisely specified by ...

  4. Linguistic competence - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_competence

    Linguistics. In linguistics, linguistic competence is the system of unconscious knowledge that one knows when they know a language. It is distinguished from linguistic performance, which includes all other factors that allow one to use one's language in practice. In approaches to linguistics which adopt this distinction, competence would ...

  5. Theories of second-language acquisition - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theories_of_second...

    The main purpose of theories of second-language acquisition (SLA) is to shed light on how people who already know one language learn a second language. The field of second-language acquisition involves various contributions, such as linguistics, sociolinguistics, psychology, cognitive science, neuroscience, and education.

  6. Grammaticality - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammaticality

    According to Chomsky, a speaker's grammaticality judgement is based on two factors: . A native speaker's linguistic competence, which is the knowledge that they have of their language, allows them to easily judge whether a sentence is grammatical or ungrammatical based on intuitive introspection.

  7. Language proficiency - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_proficiency

    Developing language proficiency improves an individual’s capacity to communicate. Over time through interaction and through exposure to new forms of language in use, an individual learns new words, sentence structures, and meanings, thereby increasing their command of using accurate forms of the target language.

  8. Sociolinguistics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociolinguistics

    t. e. Sociolinguistics is the descriptive study of the effect of any or all aspects of society, including cultural norms, expectations, and context, on language and the ways it is used. It can overlap with the sociology of language, which focuses on the effect of language on society. Sociolinguistics overlaps considerably with pragmatics and is ...

  9. ILR scale - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ILR_scale

    It is the standard grading scale for language proficiency in the United States 's federal-level service. It was originally developed by the Interagency Language Roundtable (ILR), which included representatives of the U.S. Foreign Service Institute, based at the National Foreign Affairs Training Center (NFATC). The scale grades people's language ...