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Old Persian cuneiform is a semi-alphabetic cuneiform script that was the primary script for Old Persian. Texts written in this cuneiform have been found in Iran (Persepolis, Susa, Hamadan, Kharg Island), Armenia, Romania (Gherla), [1][2][3] Turkey (Van Fortress), and along the Suez Canal. [4] They were mostly inscriptions from the time period ...
Actual decipherment did not take place until the beginning of the 19th century, initiated by Georg Friedrich Grotefend in his study of Old Persian cuneiform. He was followed by Antoine-Jean Saint-Martin in 1822 and Rasmus Christian Rask in 1823, who was the first to decipher the name Achaemenides and the consonants m and n.
Old Persian is one of two directly attested Old Iranian languages (the other being Avestan) and is the ancestor of Middle Persian (the language of the Sasanian Empire). Like other Old Iranian languages, it was known to its native speakers as ariya (Iranian). [1][2] Old Persian is close to both Avestan and the language of the Rig Veda, the ...
The decipherment of cuneiform began with the decipherment of Old Persian cuneiform in 1836. The first cuneiform inscriptions published in modern times were copied from the Achaemenid royal inscriptions in the ruins of Persepolis, with the first complete and accurate copy being published in 1778 by Carsten Niebuhr. Niebuhr's publication was used ...
The Xerxes I inscription at Van, also known as the XV Achaemenid royal inscription, [1] is a trilingual cuneiform inscription of the Achaemenid King Xerxes I (r. 486–465 BC). [2][3] It is located on the southern slope of a mountain adjacent to the Van Fortress, near Lake Van in present-day Turkey. [3] When inscribed it was located in the ...
Georg Friedrich Grotefend. Georg Friedrich Grotefend (9 June 1775 – 15 December 1853) was a German epigraphist and philologist. He is known mostly for his contributions toward the decipherment of cuneiform. Georg Friedrich Grotefend had a son, named Carl Ludwig Grotefend, who played a key role in the decipherment of the Indian Kharoshthi ...
Elamite, also known as Hatamtite and formerly as Susian, is an extinct language that was spoken by the ancient Elamites. It was recorded in what is now southwestern Iran from 2600 BC to 330 BC. [1] Elamite is generally thought to have no demonstrable relatives and is usually considered a language isolate.
The quadrilingual "Caylus Vase of Xerxes" confirmed the decipherment of cuneiform by Grotefend, once Champollion was able to read Egyptian hieroglyphs. [1] The Caylus vase is an Egyptian alabaster jar dedicated in the name of the Achaemenid king Xerxes I (c.518–465 BCE) in Egyptian hieroglyphs and Old Persian cuneiform, which in 1823 played ...