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Since the main purpose of the CBAM is to avoid carbon leakage, the mechanism tries to subject covered imports to the same carbon price imposed on internal producers under the EU ETS. In other words, the EU is trying to make importers bear an equivalent burden, for what concerns regulatory costs, to the costs of European producers.
The false positive rate (false alarm rate) is = + [1]. where is the number of false positives, is the number of true negatives and = + is the total number of ground truth negatives.
The Coleman–Liau index is calculated with the following formula: = L is the average number of letters per 100 words and S is the average number of sentences per 100 words. Note that the multiplication operator is often omitted (as is common practice in mathematical formulas when it is clear that multiplication is implied).
Upper case variables represent the entire sentence, and not just the current word. For example, H is a matrix of the encoder hidden state—one word per column. S, T: S, decoder hidden state; T, target word embedding. In the Pytorch Tutorial variant training phase, T alternates between 2 sources depending on the level of teacher forcing used. T ...
In statistics, probability theory and information theory, pointwise mutual information (PMI), [1] or point mutual information, is a measure of association.It compares the probability of two events occurring together to what this probability would be if the events were independent.
A carbon tariff or carbon border adjustment mechanism (CBAM) is an eco-tariff on embedded carbon. [44] In 2024 the United States said it is not a carbon tax, [45] but the World Trade Organization is dysfunctional so is unable to agree or disagree. [46] One aim to prevent carbon leakage from nations without a carbon price. [44]
The formal calculation implies that the last equation must be valid in those contexts. Another example is obtained by substituting q=-1. The resulting series 1-1+1-1+... is divergent (over the real and the p-adic numbers) but a value can be assigned to it with an alternative method of summation, such as Cesàro summation. The resulting value, 1 ...
Cost–benefit analysis (CBA), sometimes also called benefit–cost analysis, is a systematic approach to estimating the strengths and weaknesses of alternatives.It is used to determine options which provide the best approach to achieving benefits while preserving savings in, for example, transactions, activities, and functional business requirements. [1]