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A free water clearance of zero means the kidney is producing urine isosmotic with respect to the plasma. Values greater than zero imply that the kidney is producing dilute urine through the excretion of solute-free water. Values less than zero imply that the kidney is conserving water (likely under the influence of antidiuretic hormone, ADH ...
One of the measures of kidney function is the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Other tests that can assess the function of the kidneys include assessment of electrolyte levels such as potassium and phosphate, assessment of acid-base status by the measurement of bicarbonate levels from a vein, and assessment of the full blood count for anaemia.
Hypercapnia (from the Greek hyper, "above" or "too much" and kapnos, "smoke"), also known as hypercarbia and CO 2 retention, is a condition of abnormally elevated carbon dioxide (CO 2) levels in the blood. Carbon dioxide is a gaseous product of the body's metabolism and is normally expelled through the lungs.
[1] [2] Low blood protein levels can result in a falsely high sodium measurement. [4] The cause can usually be determined by the history of events. [1] Testing the urine can help if the cause is unclear. [1] The underlying mechanism typically involves too little free water in the body. [6]
3 (i.e., bicarbonate moves from urine back into the blood). [1] The regulation of H + ions and bicarbonate HCO − 3 is determined by the concentration of the two released within the urine. [1] These mechanisms of secretion and reabsorption balance the pH of the bloodstream. [1]
Free catecholamines, dopamine: 90 [3] 420 [3] μg/d Red blood cells (RBCs) 0 [4] [2] 2 [2] - 3 [4] per High Power Field (HPF) RBC casts: n/a 0 / negative [2] White blood cells (WBCs) 0 [2] 2 [2] pH: 5 [2] 7 [2] (unitless) Protein: 0: trace amounts [2] Glucose: n/a: 0 / negative [2] Ketones: n/a: 0 / negative [2] Bilirubin: n/a: 0 / negative [2 ...
False positive results can occur if the sample is contaminated with vaginal secretions; false negatives can occur in very concentrated samples or those containing high levels of glucose and protein. [54] Elevated white blood cell counts in urine generally indicate infection or inflammation. [55]
Hyperchloremia is an electrolyte disturbance in which there is an elevated level of chloride ions in the blood. [1] The normal serum range for chloride is 96 to 106 mEq/L, [2] therefore chloride levels at or above 110 mEq/L usually indicate kidney dysfunction as it is a regulator of chloride concentration. [3]